本文關鍵詞： 五代時期 汴州城 城市環(huán)境　出處：《陜西師范大學》2014年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：五代時期,定鼎黃河流域的后梁、后晉、后漢、后周四個王朝相繼定都汴州,為其政治地位的提升、人口的增加、商業(yè)的繁榮創(chuàng)造了良好的條件。然而,在后周世宗顯德三年(956)增筑汴州羅城之前的五代絕大部分時間里,汴州城沿襲的是唐代建中二年(781)李勉所擴建后的規(guī)制,此時已很難勝任其應有的都城使命,特別是在五代后期其都城地位得到穩(wěn)定與強化之后。 如此尷尬境地的形成,原因是多方面的。第一,汴州城市面積狹小,除卻王朝政治核心區(qū)域的宮城,其周長“二十里一百五十五步”,即便以正方形合計(按,周長相等的四邊形中正方形面積最大),各邊長也僅約2887米,著實難以承載諸多衙署兵營、官第民舍、佛寺道觀和手工業(yè)、商業(yè)等場所；第二,盡管五代時期有四個王朝以汴州為都城,但直至后晉、后漢時,其都城地位才得以初步確立。在后漢之前的長時間里,由皇帝駐蹕地點的變化、都城的遷移、政權的更替等因素引起的頻繁形勢變化,對汴州城造成了較大的沖擊；第三,隨著五代后期汴州城都城地位的穩(wěn)固,大量衙署、人口涌入,民眾“侵街衢為舍”,不利于城市宜居環(huán)境的維護；第四,先秦鴻溝的開鑿和隋唐兩朝對汴河(通濟渠)的沿襲使用,特別是河堤的修筑,改變了汴州周邊諸多河流的既有流路,造成了“沮洳卑濕”的地域環(huán)境,加之五代時期汴州的氣候以溫濕為主,最終造就了汴州城內(nèi)“屋宇交連,街衢湫隘,入夏有暑濕之苦,居常多煙火之憂”的城市環(huán)境。 雖然作為最高統(tǒng)治者的皇帝可以通過臨幸汴州城郊的莊園或巡行外地緩解汴州城市環(huán)境對其的不利影響,然而這并非長久之計。面對汴州都城地位的穩(wěn)固和集聚效應的凸顯,最終促成了后周世宗對汴州城的擴建。面積增大了4倍的汴州城,結合擴城之前的合理規(guī)劃,之前的城市面貌有了一定程度的改善,進而為北宋奠都于此提供了較為堅實的基礎條件。 總之,筆者通過對《舊五代史》、《新五代史》、《五代會要》、《資治通鑒》等史籍的梳理,粗略勾勒出五代時期汴州城市環(huán)境的基本狀況,探討了引起其城市環(huán)境變化的諸多要素,指出了在自然環(huán)境、城市規(guī)制相對變化不大的情況下,人口數(shù)量的增減(頻繁的社會形勢變化所致)成為左右汴州城市環(huán)境好壞的主要因素——少則有所改善,多則趨于惡化,這雖為五代時期汴州城市環(huán)境的變化趨勢,卻也為今天全國風起云涌的城鄉(xiāng)一體化建設、舊城區(qū)改造升級過程中宜居環(huán)境的合理規(guī)劃與營造提供了些許的參考借鑒。
[Abstract]:In the period of five dynasties, the four dynasties of the Yellow River Valley of Dingding, Jin, Han and Zhou dynasties successively settled Bianzhou, which created good conditions for the promotion of its political status, the increase of population, and the prosperity of commerce. During most of the five dynasties before the construction of Bianzhou Luocheng, Bianzhou followed the extended regulation of Li Mian after the second year of Jianzhong of Tang Dynasty. At this time, it is very difficult to be competent for its mission of capital, especially after the status of capital was stabilized and strengthened in the late five dynasties. The formation of such an embarrassing situation is due to various reasons. First, Bianzhou City is small in area, except Miyagi City, which is the core area of dynastic politics, and its circumference is "20 li and 155 steps". Even if the square is taken together (according to the quadrilateral with equal circumference, the square has the largest area, each side is only about 2,887 meters long, it is really difficult to carry many government barracks, official houses, Buddhist temples and handicrafts. Business and other places; Second, although there were four dynasties in the five dynasties to Bianzhou as the capital, but until the later Jin, after the Han Dynasty, its capital status can be initially established. In the long period before the Han Dynasty, by the emperor in the place of change. The frequent changes of the situation caused by the transfer of capital and the change of political power caused a great impact on Bianzhou. Third, with the stable status of Bianzhou capital in the late five dynasties, a large number of Yazu, the influx of population, people "invade the streets for the house", which is not conducive to the maintenance of the livable environment of the city; In 4th, the chiseling of the gap between the Pre-Qin Dynasty and the Sui and Tang dynasties followed the Bianhe River (Tongji Canal), especially the construction of the river embankment, which changed the existing flow path of many rivers around Bianzhou and caused the regional environment of "mud and dampness". In addition, the climate of Bianzhou in the five dynasties was dominated by temperature and humidity, which finally brought up the city environment of "houses intersecting, street thoroughfares, summer heat and dampness, and often many pyrotechnic worries" in Bianzhou. Although the emperor as the supreme ruler can alleviate the adverse impact of Bianzhou city environment through the manor or tour in the suburbs of Bianzhou. However, this is not a long-term solution. In the face of the Bianzhou capital status of the firm and agglomeration of the highlight, ultimately contributed to the expansion of Bianzhou City after the Zhou Shizong. The area of Bianzhou increased by 4 times. Combined with the reasonable planning before the expansion of the city, the appearance of the city was improved to a certain extent, and thus provided a relatively solid foundation for the Northern Song Dynasty. In a word, the author sketches out the basic conditions of Bianzhou's urban environment in the five dynasties period by combing the historical books such as the History of the Old five dynasties, the History of the New five dynasties, the meeting of the Fifth Generation, and the Zizhitong Jian. This paper probes into the factors that cause the change of urban environment, and points out that the urban regulation has little change in the natural environment. The increase and decrease of population (caused by the frequent changes of social situation) become the main factors that influence the city environment of Bianzhou-the less is improved, the more tends to deteriorate. Although this is the change trend of Bianzhou city environment in the five dynasties period, it is also the urban and rural integration construction of the whole country. The reasonable planning and construction of livable environment in the process of renovation and upgrading of old urban areas provide some reference.
【學位授予單位】：陜西師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：TU984.2;K243.1

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