本文關(guān)鍵詞： 戰(zhàn)國(guó) 西漢 借貸 債務(wù) 融資　出處：《南京師范大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：借貸活動(dòng)作為一種重要的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng),對(duì)人們的日常生活具有重要影響。戰(zhàn)國(guó)至西漢時(shí)期是中國(guó)歷史上小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟(jì)逐步穩(wěn)定和商品經(jīng)濟(jì)初步興盛的時(shí)期,借貸活動(dòng)在此期間獲得迅速而普遍的發(fā)展。但是長(zhǎng)期以來由于史料缺乏和思維的局限,學(xué)界對(duì)戰(zhàn)國(guó)至西漢借貸活動(dòng)的研究存在著許多遺漏和分歧。基于此,筆者在查閱大量秦漢簡(jiǎn)牘材料和文獻(xiàn)史料的基礎(chǔ)上,認(rèn)為有必要對(duì)戰(zhàn)國(guó)至西漢時(shí)期的借貸活動(dòng)做一次整體和系統(tǒng)性的研究。本文內(nèi)容共分四章,主要就戰(zhàn)國(guó)至西漢時(shí)期的借貸活動(dòng)的發(fā)展概況、發(fā)展原因、債務(wù)處理、產(chǎn)生影響四個(gè)方面展開具體的論述。具體章節(jié)如下： 第一章戰(zhàn)國(guó)至西漢借貸活動(dòng)的發(fā)展概況。本章主要就官府和民間借貸活動(dòng)的發(fā)展和特點(diǎn)進(jìn)行了梳理和概括。其中官府借貸經(jīng)歷了從春秋貴族“施與性”賑濟(jì)到戰(zhàn)國(guó)以后“有償性”賑濟(jì)的發(fā)展歷程,其歷史特點(diǎn)主要表現(xiàn)為：實(shí)物形式的借貸占主流；帶有明顯的政治考量。其中民間借貸在當(dāng)時(shí)主要包括高利貸、商業(yè)貰貸、質(zhì)押借貸等幾種形態(tài),其歷史特點(diǎn)主要表現(xiàn)為：以貨幣為媒介的借貸普遍；商業(yè)貰貸頻繁；借貸業(yè)主經(jīng)歷了由春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)貴族為主,到西漢初期富商大賈為主,最后到西漢后期官商一體化為主的歷史變遷。 第二章戰(zhàn)國(guó)至西漢借貸活動(dòng)發(fā)展的原因。本章主要從歷史背景、社會(huì)根源、外在推動(dòng)力三個(gè)方面展開論述。首先,春秋戰(zhàn)國(guó)時(shí)期的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)變遷造就了大批脫離血緣宗族的小農(nóng),這是借貸發(fā)展的歷史背景；其次,由于農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)本身的周期性和低效率,外加自然災(zāi)害、賦稅徭役等外在壓力導(dǎo)致了戰(zhàn)國(guó)秦漢新生的小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟(jì)具有明顯的脆弱性,小農(nóng)往往需要外在借貸資金的周轉(zhuǎn)才能維持生存,這是借貸活動(dòng)發(fā)展的社會(huì)根源；最后,戰(zhàn)國(guó)至西漢時(shí)期商品經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展與興盛,導(dǎo)致大量商業(yè)資本向借貸資本的轉(zhuǎn)移,滿足了小農(nóng)們的借貸融資需求,活躍了民間借貸市場(chǎng),這是借貸活動(dòng)發(fā)展的外在推動(dòng)力。 第三章戰(zhàn)國(guó)至西漢時(shí)期借貸債務(wù)問題的處理。借貸活動(dòng)的活躍必然引發(fā)大量借貸債務(wù)問題。首先,官府債務(wù)問題的處理,主要包括：追討、赦免、懲罰。其中官府債務(wù)問題的追討在秦漢時(shí)期主要由郡縣管理財(cái)務(wù)的“少府”或“小府”進(jìn)行；赦免主要是在特大災(zāi)荒或皇室喜慶時(shí)期由皇帝通過詔令進(jìn)行；懲罰主要是對(duì)欠債不償者處以“居貲贖責(zé)(債)”的勞役刑。其次,民間債務(wù)問題的處理,主要包括：訂立債務(wù)契約、進(jìn)行債務(wù)擔(dān)保、債務(wù)追討。其中債務(wù)追討較為復(fù)雜,需要遵循當(dāng)時(shí)較為嚴(yán)格的“律令”程序。 第四章借貸對(duì)戰(zhàn)國(guó)至西漢時(shí)期社會(huì)的影響。官府借貸雖然在災(zāi)荒時(shí)期暫時(shí)緩解了小農(nóng)的融資困境,但是其在貸放的時(shí)間、方式、普及等方面具有明顯的制度性的缺陷。這就促使小農(nóng)們?cè)谌粘Ｉ钪胁坏貌灰蕾囉诿耖g借貸。使得民間借貸在緩解小農(nóng)融資困境方面意義重大。然而,由于小農(nóng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的脆弱性,借貸市場(chǎng)上往往是供不應(yīng)求的局面。瀕臨破產(chǎn)的小農(nóng)們往往被迫進(jìn)行抵押借貸或者舉借高利貸。這給當(dāng)時(shí)的社會(huì)帶了嚴(yán)重的消極影響,直接加劇了秦漢時(shí)期的土地兼并、奴婢和社會(huì)流民問題。
[Abstract]:Lending activities as an important social and economic activities, has an important influence on people's daily life. During the Warring States period to the Western Han Dynasty is the history of Chinese peasant economy gradually stabilized and commodity economy of prosperous period, during the lending activities obtained rapid and widespread development. But for a long time because of the lack of historical data and the limitations of thinking, study during the Warring States period to the Western Han Dynasty lending activities there are many omissions and differences. Based on this, the author on the basis of consulting a large number of bamboo slips of Qin and Han Dynasty material and literature history, think it is necessary to an overall and systematic study of the Warring States period to the Western Han Dynasty's lending activities. This thesis is divided into four chapters, mainly on the development of during the Warring States period to the Western Han Dynasty, the development of lending activities, debt treatment, influence the detailed discussion of four aspects of specific sections as follows:
The development of the first chapter from Warring States to Western Han Dynasty credit. This chapter is the development and characteristics of official and folk lending activities carried out and summarized. The government borrowing experience from the "after" Shi and nobles in the spring and Autumn period to the Warring States period paid "relief" relief and development process, its historical features was real the form of loans accounted for the mainstream; with obvious political considerations. The private lending at the time mainly include usury, commercial lending, loan, pledge of several forms, the historical characteristics of the main performance is: through the medium of money lending business loans, common; frequent; borrowing experience from the owners of the Warring States to the nobility, the early Western Han Dynasty historical changes to exceedingly wealthy men, the integration between the late Western Han Dynasty mainly.
The second chapter the development of Warring States to the Western Han Dynasty credit. This chapter mainly from the historical background, social origin, discusses the three aspects of the external driving force. Firstly, the change of social structure in the spring and Autumn period created a large number of kindred from peasant, it is borrowing history background; secondly, due to the periodicity and low efficiency the agricultural production, and natural disasters, tax and the external pressure leads to the Warring States new peasant economy is very fragile, farmers often need external borrowing capital turnover in order to survive, this is the root of the development of social lending activities; finally, the Warring States Period to the Western Han Dynasty, the commodity economy development and prosperity, resulting in a large number of business capital to transfer the loan capital, to meet the financing needs of small farmers loans, active private lending market, which is the development of foreign lending activities in the driving force.
Third chapter the Warring States period to the Western Han Dynasty debt problems. Borrowing lending activities will inevitably lead to a large number of active lending and debt problems. First, government debt problems, mainly including: recover, pardon, punishment. Government debt problems which require in the Qin and Han Dynasties mainly by the county county financial management "government" or "small house" to forgive is mainly in the serious famine; or royal festive period by the emperor by edict; punishment is not to impose "debt repayment liability (debt) Ju Zi Shu" penal servitude. Secondly, processing, private debt problems include: a debt contract, debt guarantees, debt recovery. The debt the recovery is more complex, the need to follow strict "law" program.
The fourth chapter of social lending Warring States to the Western Han Dynasty. Although the government borrowing in the famine period to temporarily alleviate the financing difficulties of small farmers, but the loan in time, with the institutional defects of the obvious popularity and so on. This prompted farmers in daily life have to rely on private lending makes the folk. To alleviate the financing difficulties of small loan significance. However, due to the vulnerability of small peasant economy, the credit market is often in short supply situation on the verge of bankruptcy. Farmers are often forced to mortgage lending or borrowing usury. This brought serious negative influence to the society at that time, the Qin and Han Dynasties directly exacerbated the annexation of land, slaves and social problems of the refugees.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：F832.9;K23

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