【摘要】：工業(yè)化的發(fā)展，階級(jí)運(yùn)動(dòng)的爆發(fā)，經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化方面的理論儲(chǔ)備以及國(guó)內(nèi)外政治因素的影響催生了福利國(guó)家。福利國(guó)家（WelfareState），是一種國(guó)家的形態(tài)，其政府在人民的經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)福利等行政事項(xiàng)中，扮演著推動(dòng)和改革的關(guān)鍵角色。就消極方面而言，旨在祈求消除最大多數(shù)人的最大痛苦；就積極方面而言，則在增進(jìn)最大多數(shù)人的最大幸福。簡(jiǎn)而言之，福利國(guó)家是以具體合理的政策，全力推動(dòng)國(guó)民最低生活保障及增進(jìn)國(guó)民福利為主的國(guó)家。福利國(guó)家在其發(fā)展過(guò)程中逐漸的容納和平衡了多種利益，是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期的公民權(quán)演進(jìn)過(guò)程所達(dá)到的高峰。在公民權(quán)利的理念下，福利成為公民應(yīng)享有的個(gè)人權(quán)利，國(guó)家必須履行其對(duì)公民的福利責(zé)任。 現(xiàn)代福利國(guó)家的建立，是創(chuàng)造由國(guó)家保證公民社會(huì)權(quán)利的一種嘗試，也是國(guó)家本身由政治國(guó)家過(guò)渡到社會(huì)化國(guó)家的結(jié)果。公民社會(huì)權(quán)利是建立普遍主義的福利國(guó)家的理論基礎(chǔ)。根據(jù)社會(huì)生活中占主導(dǎo)地位的領(lǐng)域的不同以及社會(huì)價(jià)值觀念的不同，資本主義國(guó)家的公民資格大體分為自由主義公民資格、傳統(tǒng)公民資格和社會(huì)民主公民資格三種模式，并在此基礎(chǔ)上建立了相應(yīng)的福利國(guó)家.本文分別以美國(guó)、德國(guó)和瑞典為例進(jìn)行研究，探索福利國(guó)家同公民資格模式之間的關(guān)系。福利國(guó)家從建立至今，經(jīng)過(guò)了高速發(fā)展期、成熟期、危機(jī)時(shí)期和正在經(jīng)歷的改革調(diào)整期。資本主義福利國(guó)家目前所遭遇的危機(jī)是經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的沖擊，福利國(guó)家內(nèi)部的政權(quán)合法性危機(jī)，人口老齡化問(wèn)題，以及福利國(guó)家中的平等分配問(wèn)題。不同的福利國(guó)家基于不同的國(guó)情，在面臨福利國(guó)家危機(jī)時(shí)采取了完全不同的政策。資本主義福利國(guó)家所處的困境表現(xiàn)了資本主義公民資格的危機(jī)狀況，，是資本主義社會(huì)中市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域、國(guó)家領(lǐng)域和社會(huì)領(lǐng)域不和諧關(guān)系的體現(xiàn)。市場(chǎng)領(lǐng)域?qū)差I(lǐng)域和國(guó)家領(lǐng)域的侵犯，削弱了公民社會(huì)權(quán)利的基礎(chǔ)。自由主義所推崇的個(gè)人至上的思想與福利國(guó)家所強(qiáng)調(diào)的公平正義思想是相矛盾的。現(xiàn)代公民資格缺乏對(duì)德行的追求，缺乏責(zé)任和自我犧牲的意識(shí)。解決公民資格危機(jī)的方法是回到古希臘的道德型公民資格理念中尋找思想資源。公民資格作為民主和正義的衍生物，除了國(guó)家的指導(dǎo)之外，需要公民的自律和合作。在比較了歐洲的福利國(guó)家制度，以及分析了當(dāng)前我國(guó)存在的問(wèn)題之后，對(duì)于包括中國(guó)在內(nèi)的世界其他國(guó)家而言，建立一種保障公民權(quán)利的福利社會(huì)是未來(lái)的一種發(fā)展模式。
[Abstract]:The development of industrialization, the outbreak of class movement, the theoretical reserve of economy and culture, and the influence of political factors at home and abroad gave birth to the welfare state. The welfare state (WelfareState), is a kind of national form, and its government plays a key role in promoting and reforming the people's economic and social welfare and other administrative matters. On the negative side, the aim is to pray for the elimination of the greatest suffering of the greatest number of people; on the positive side, it promotes the greatest happiness of the greatest majority of people. In short, the welfare state is a country with concrete and reasonable policies to promote the minimum living security and enhance the national welfare. Welfare state gradually accommodates and balances a variety of interests in its development process, which is the peak of a long-term evolution of citizenship. Under the concept of civil rights, welfare becomes the individual right that citizens should enjoy, and the state must fulfill its welfare responsibility to its citizens. The establishment of a modern welfare state is an attempt to create a civil society right guaranteed by the state and the result of the transition from a political state to a socialized state. Civil social rights are the theoretical basis for the establishment of a universal welfare state. According to the different dominant fields and social values in social life, the citizenship of capitalist countries can be divided into three modes: liberal citizenship, traditional citizenship and social democratic citizenship. On this basis, the corresponding welfare state was established. This paper takes the United States, Germany and Sweden as examples to explore the relationship between welfare state and citizenship model. The welfare state has undergone a period of rapid development, maturity, crisis and reform and adjustment. The crisis encountered by the capitalist welfare state at present is the impact of economic globalization, the crisis of the legitimacy of the power within the welfare state, the aging of the population, and the equal distribution in the welfare state. Different welfare states adopt completely different policies in the face of welfare state crisis based on different national conditions. The plight of the capitalist welfare state shows the crisis of the capitalist citizenship and is the embodiment of the disharmonious relationship among the market field, the state field and the social field in the capitalist society. The violation of the public sphere and the state sphere by the market weakens the basis of civil society rights. The thought of individual supremacy advocated by liberalism contradicts the thought of fairness and justice emphasized by welfare state. Modern citizenship lacks the pursuit of virtue, the sense of responsibility and self-sacrifice. The solution to the crisis of citizenship is to return to the moral concept of citizenship in ancient Greece to find ideological resources. Citizenship, as a derivative of democracy and justice, requires citizen self-discipline and cooperation in addition to the guidance of the state. After comparing the welfare state system in Europe and analyzing the existing problems in our country, for other countries including China, it is a future development mode to establish a welfare society to protect the civil rights.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華東政法大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D03

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