國(guó)民觀：近代知識(shí)分子從臣民觀到公民觀的過(guò)渡
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-10 19:01
【摘要】： 在現(xiàn)代文明社會(huì)中,民族國(guó)家成員的人格形態(tài)通常是以公民的身份出現(xiàn)的。公民觀念是近代西方社會(huì)在其漫長(zhǎng)的歷史發(fā)展過(guò)程中形成的政治意識(shí)觀念。中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)的法律規(guī)定和社會(huì)觀念中并沒(méi)有“公民”一詞,深植于人們意識(shí)形態(tài)里的是臣民觀念。經(jīng)過(guò)近代以來(lái)中國(guó)知識(shí)分子的選擇、詮釋與揚(yáng)棄,來(lái)自西方的公民觀念被一次次地改造成為知識(shí)分子們救亡圖存的工具,被賦予了不同于西方原本意義上的公民內(nèi)涵。期間,來(lái)自西方的“公民”詞,被近代中國(guó)知識(shí)分子們用國(guó)民、新民、人民等詞匯稱呼過(guò)。19世紀(jì)末的知識(shí)分子習(xí)慣用國(guó)民一詞,而五四新文化運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)期則用公民一詞,雖然在一般意義上二者是同義的,但實(shí)質(zhì)上,它們卻有著不同的特定內(nèi)涵。 本文時(shí)間跨度較大,涉及從鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)一直到五四新文化運(yùn)動(dòng)近80年的歷史,試圖通過(guò)對(duì)近代中國(guó)知識(shí)分子從臣民觀到國(guó)民觀再到公民觀的轉(zhuǎn)變歷程分析,探討在知識(shí)分子引導(dǎo)下的近代中國(guó)人主體意識(shí)逐漸覺(jué)醒的過(guò)程,以及從臣民觀向公民觀的過(guò)渡過(guò)程中國(guó)民觀所起到的作用。 本文首先追溯了近代國(guó)民觀的興起過(guò)程。在內(nèi)憂外患的近代社會(huì)背景下,存在兩千年之久的作為歷史文化傳統(tǒng)的臣民觀念開(kāi)始瓦解。在傳統(tǒng)天下觀念逐漸式微的同時(shí),主權(quán)意識(shí)在近代知識(shí)分子們的思想中日漸明晰起來(lái),并引發(fā)了近代中國(guó)民族國(guó)家觀念的產(chǎn)生。雖然以梁?jiǎn)⒊瑸榇淼母牧寂芍R(shí)分子和以孫中山為首的革命派在中國(guó)未來(lái)社會(huì)的國(guó)家構(gòu)想上有著不一樣的憧憬,但他們都深受社會(huì)達(dá)爾文主義的影響,都認(rèn)為救國(guó)需要新國(guó)民,都對(duì)國(guó)民的“奴隸性”進(jìn)行了猛烈的批判,都將權(quán)利、義務(wù)、獨(dú)立、自由、尚武、公德、自治等近代思想要素注入到自己理想中的未來(lái)國(guó)民內(nèi)涵之中,并且都積極從事于各種啟蒙或革命活動(dòng)以推動(dòng)理想中的國(guó)家思想、國(guó)民觀念早日成為現(xiàn)實(shí)。 本文接著探討了近代國(guó)民觀的淵源、特征和影響。“國(guó)民”一詞是清末知識(shí)分子根據(jù)日文翻譯過(guò)來(lái)的,其內(nèi)涵深深地帶著近代德國(guó)學(xué)派思想的痕跡。近代中國(guó)知識(shí)分子們的國(guó)民觀念有機(jī)地融合了中國(guó)傳統(tǒng)思想、不同時(shí)期的西方近代思想和日本近代思想,注重民族主義和國(guó)家主義,并具有濃厚的道德主義和精英主義傾向。國(guó)民觀念對(duì)清末時(shí)局的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生了重大的影響,并促進(jìn)了近代中國(guó)人主體意識(shí)的初步覺(jué)醒。 最后,本文論述了近代國(guó)民觀在中國(guó)思想史中的地位。民初憲政試驗(yàn)的失敗促使中國(guó)先進(jìn)的知識(shí)分子開(kāi)始對(duì)國(guó)民觀進(jìn)行反思。通過(guò)反思,他們認(rèn)識(shí)到清末梁?jiǎn)⒊热藢?duì)國(guó)民劣根性的批判只涉及到愛(ài)國(guó)主義和國(guó)家主義的層面,而未能對(duì)儒家傳統(tǒng)倫理價(jià)值觀的核心,即“三綱五常”和家族主義思想進(jìn)行批判,而這正是國(guó)民觀念對(duì)民初的亂局束手無(wú)策的根本原因。在對(duì)國(guó)民觀的反思和對(duì)臣民觀的更深入批判中,新文化派知識(shí)分子萌生了對(duì)以個(gè)人為本位的公民觀的向往。國(guó)民觀在中國(guó)近代思想史中的地位也由此而奠定：國(guó)民觀念正是近代知識(shí)分子從臣民觀念到公民觀念的過(guò)渡。
[Abstract]:In modern civilized society, the personality of the members of a nation-state usually appears as a citizen. The concept of citizenship is a political ideology formed in the long historical development of modern western society. After the choice, interpretation and abandonment of Chinese intellectuals in modern times, the concept of citizenship from the West has been transformed into a tool for intellectuals to save the nation from subjugation and survive, and has been endowed with different connotations from the original meaning of the West. During this period, the word "citizen" from the West was used by modern Chinese intellectuals. Intellectuals at the end of the 19th century used the word "national" and the word "citizen" was used during the May 4th New Culture Movement. Although they are synonymous in general sense, they have different specific connotations in essence.
This article has a long time span, involving the history from the Opium War to the May 4th New Culture Movement in the past 80 years. Through the analysis of the course of the change of the modern Chinese intellectuals from the subject-people view to the national view and then to the citizen view, the article explores the process of the gradual awakening of the modern Chinese subject consciousness under the guidance of the intellectuals and the trend of the subject-people view. The transition of citizenship is the function of Chinese people's view.
This paper first traces back to the rise of modern national outlook.Under the background of modern society with internal and external troubles,the concept of subjects which had existed for two thousand years as a historical and cultural tradition began to collapse.While the traditional concept of the world gradually declined,the consciousness of sovereignty became increasingly clear in the thoughts of modern intellectuals and triggered the modern times. Although the reformist intellectuals represented by Liang Qichao and the revolutionaries headed by Sun Yat-sen have different expectations on the state conception of China's future society, they are deeply influenced by social Darwinism. They all believe that saving the country needs new nationals, and they have carried out the "slavery" of the nationals. The fierce criticism injected the modern ideological elements such as rights, obligations, independence, freedom, military worship, public morality and autonomy into the future national connotation of their own ideals, and actively engaged in various enlightenment or revolutionary activities to promote the ideals of the state.
The article then discusses the origin, characteristics and influence of the modern national outlook.The term "national" was translated by the intellectuals in the late Qing Dynasty according to Japanese, and its connotation bears deep traces of the modern German School of thought. And modern Japanese thought, paying attention to nationalism and nationalism, and with a strong tendency of moralism and elitism. The national concept had a significant impact on the development of the late Qing Dynasty, and promoted the early awakening of the modern Chinese subjective consciousness.
The failure of the constitutional experiment in the early Republic of China prompted the Chinese advanced intellectuals to begin to reflect on the concept of the nation. Through reflection, they realized that Liang Qichao's criticism of the inferiority of the people in the late Qing Dynasty only touched on the level of patriotism and nationalism, but failed to reflect on Confucianism. The core of traditional family ethical values, namely, the criticism of "Three Principles and Five Constant Principles" and clansalism, is the fundamental reason why the national concept was unable to cope with the chaos in the early Republic of China. The position of the concept of the people in the history of modern Chinese thought was thus established: the concept of the people was the transition of modern intellectuals from the concept of subjects to the concept of citizens.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D092
本文編號(hào)：2175909
[Abstract]:In modern civilized society, the personality of the members of a nation-state usually appears as a citizen. The concept of citizenship is a political ideology formed in the long historical development of modern western society. After the choice, interpretation and abandonment of Chinese intellectuals in modern times, the concept of citizenship from the West has been transformed into a tool for intellectuals to save the nation from subjugation and survive, and has been endowed with different connotations from the original meaning of the West. During this period, the word "citizen" from the West was used by modern Chinese intellectuals. Intellectuals at the end of the 19th century used the word "national" and the word "citizen" was used during the May 4th New Culture Movement. Although they are synonymous in general sense, they have different specific connotations in essence.
This article has a long time span, involving the history from the Opium War to the May 4th New Culture Movement in the past 80 years. Through the analysis of the course of the change of the modern Chinese intellectuals from the subject-people view to the national view and then to the citizen view, the article explores the process of the gradual awakening of the modern Chinese subject consciousness under the guidance of the intellectuals and the trend of the subject-people view. The transition of citizenship is the function of Chinese people's view.
This paper first traces back to the rise of modern national outlook.Under the background of modern society with internal and external troubles,the concept of subjects which had existed for two thousand years as a historical and cultural tradition began to collapse.While the traditional concept of the world gradually declined,the consciousness of sovereignty became increasingly clear in the thoughts of modern intellectuals and triggered the modern times. Although the reformist intellectuals represented by Liang Qichao and the revolutionaries headed by Sun Yat-sen have different expectations on the state conception of China's future society, they are deeply influenced by social Darwinism. They all believe that saving the country needs new nationals, and they have carried out the "slavery" of the nationals. The fierce criticism injected the modern ideological elements such as rights, obligations, independence, freedom, military worship, public morality and autonomy into the future national connotation of their own ideals, and actively engaged in various enlightenment or revolutionary activities to promote the ideals of the state.
The article then discusses the origin, characteristics and influence of the modern national outlook.The term "national" was translated by the intellectuals in the late Qing Dynasty according to Japanese, and its connotation bears deep traces of the modern German School of thought. And modern Japanese thought, paying attention to nationalism and nationalism, and with a strong tendency of moralism and elitism. The national concept had a significant impact on the development of the late Qing Dynasty, and promoted the early awakening of the modern Chinese subjective consciousness.
The failure of the constitutional experiment in the early Republic of China prompted the Chinese advanced intellectuals to begin to reflect on the concept of the nation. Through reflection, they realized that Liang Qichao's criticism of the inferiority of the people in the late Qing Dynasty only touched on the level of patriotism and nationalism, but failed to reflect on Confucianism. The core of traditional family ethical values, namely, the criticism of "Three Principles and Five Constant Principles" and clansalism, is the fundamental reason why the national concept was unable to cope with the chaos in the early Republic of China. The position of the concept of the people in the history of modern Chinese thought was thus established: the concept of the people was the transition of modern intellectuals from the concept of subjects to the concept of citizens.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D092
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
相關(guān)期刊論文 前10條
1 李華興,張?jiān)?中國(guó)近代國(guó)家觀念轉(zhuǎn)型的思考[J];安徽大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào);2005年01期
2 李華興,張?jiān)?孫中山與中國(guó)近代國(guó)家觀念的發(fā)展[J];廣東社會(huì)科學(xué);2005年01期
3 黃興濤;;情感、思想與運(yùn)動(dòng):近代中國(guó)民族主義研究檢視[J];廣東社會(huì)科學(xué);2009年03期
4 許小青;梁?jiǎn)⒊褡鍑?guó)家思想研究[J];華中師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(人文社會(huì)科學(xué)版);2000年02期
5 巴斯蒂;中國(guó)近代國(guó)家觀念溯源——關(guān)于伯倫知理《國(guó)家論》的翻譯[J];近代史研究;1997年04期
6 董敏志;從臣民到公民:角色轉(zhuǎn)換界及其生成與發(fā)展[J];江蘇行政學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào);2003年03期
7 張衍前;梁?jiǎn)⒊瑢O中山的近代國(guó)家思想比較研究[J];理論學(xué)刊;1998年02期
8 朱國(guó)斌,郭寶平;尋求控制和參與之間平衡的嘗試——論20世紀(jì)上半葉中國(guó)的地方自治[J];社會(huì)科學(xué)輯刊;2000年05期
9 柯繼銘;;走向中下層:清季十年對(duì)不同社會(huì)群體的認(rèn)知與“民”的指謂變化[J];社會(huì)科學(xué)研究;2007年02期
10 但興悟;;“天下興亡,匹夫有責(zé)”的再詮釋與中國(guó)近代民族國(guó)家意識(shí)的生成[J];世界經(jīng)濟(jì)與政治;2006年10期
，本文編號(hào)：2175909
本文鏈接：http://sikaile.net/shekelunwen/zhengzx/2175909.html
最近更新
教材專著
