本文選題：柏拉圖 + 正義思想�。� 參考：《沈陽師范大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：正義是人類社會(huì)的核心概念，只要人類社會(huì)存在，人們關(guān)于正義的討論就不會(huì)停止，因?yàn)樗P(guān)系到社會(huì)的平穩(wěn)運(yùn)行，國家的繁榮昌盛，人民對(duì)幸福的擁有�；诖耍煌瑫r(shí)期不同派別的哲學(xué)家把正義作為重要問題進(jìn)行反思和建構(gòu)。古希臘著名思想家柏拉圖是系統(tǒng)闡述正義思想的第一人，他的正義思想對(duì)后世的影響相當(dāng)深遠(yuǎn)。柏拉圖出生在一個(gè)貴族家庭，從小便與政治結(jié)下不解之緣，曠日持久的伯羅奔尼撒戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)和其恩師蘇格拉底被民主制法庭以荒唐的罪名處死，這使他深刻反思正義問題，，為城邦的發(fā)展和公民的幸福貢獻(xiàn)了自己畢生的精力。 本文首先分析了柏拉圖正義思想產(chǎn)生的背景和理論基礎(chǔ)，之后比較詳細(xì)地梳理了其正義內(nèi)涵即城邦正義與個(gè)人正義，城邦正義的實(shí)現(xiàn)，城邦正義的維持和城邦正義的衰敗。然后從政治倫理角度分析了柏拉圖的政治倫理設(shè)計(jì)能否實(shí)現(xiàn)他的最初設(shè)想即帶來城邦的穩(wěn)固，及帶給人們美德和幸福。文章的最后談?wù)摿税乩瓐D的正義思想對(duì)我國構(gòu)建社會(huì)主義和諧社會(huì)的啟示。 柏拉圖的正義思想總的來說是理性的，具有很強(qiáng)的科學(xué)性。他讓擁有智慧并能夠認(rèn)識(shí)善的理念的哲學(xué)家擔(dān)任最高統(tǒng)治者，勇敢的并能分清敵我的生產(chǎn)者擔(dān)任輔助者，其他的人作為生產(chǎn)者，這種三個(gè)等級(jí)各安其分的設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)了“人盡其才”；針對(duì)輔助者和統(tǒng)治者天賦不同而分別設(shè)計(jì)不同的教育課程，做到了“因材施教”；他的公有制的設(shè)計(jì)抑制了護(hù)衛(wèi)者階層的物質(zhì)欲望，在一定程度上延緩了腐敗的發(fā)生。 但理想城邦的設(shè)計(jì)并不是完美無缺的。柏拉圖的“精英視角”決定了他自上而下地設(shè)計(jì)政治倫理秩序，美德的價(jià)值在他這里是高于自由的，這也成為其理論價(jià)值最薄弱之處；他認(rèn)為城邦與個(gè)人是“大字”與“小字”的關(guān)系，即同構(gòu)性問題，這里的論證也是有些爭(zhēng)議的，有學(xué)者認(rèn)為，城邦與個(gè)人并不是同質(zhì)同構(gòu)的，城邦正義與個(gè)人正義的關(guān)系也并非具有柏拉圖所說的那種關(guān)系。即使他本人也認(rèn)識(shí)到人的理性的有限性，理想城邦最終是要走向衰敗的。他的制度倫理設(shè)計(jì)雖然不是完美，但其正義思想對(duì)我國當(dāng)前社會(huì)主義和諧社會(huì)的構(gòu)建仍然具有啟示意義。
[Abstract]:Justice is the core concept of human society, as long as human society exists, people will not stop the discussion of justice, because it relates to the smooth operation of society, the prosperity of the country, and the people's possession of happiness. Based on this, philosophers of different schools in different periods reflect and construct justice as an important issue. Plato, a famous ancient Greek thinker, was the first person who systematically expounded the thought of justice. Plato was born into an aristocratic family, and was bound to politics from an early age. The protracted Peloponnesian War and the execution of his benefactor, Socrates, on absurd charges by the democratic court, led him to reflect deeply on the question of justice. He devoted his whole life to the development of the city state and the happiness of the citizens. This paper first analyzes the background and theoretical basis of Plato's thought of justice, and then combs its justice connotation in detail, that is, city-state justice and personal justice, the realization of city-state justice, the maintenance of city-state justice and the decline of city-state justice. Then it analyzes whether Plato's design of political ethics can realize the stability of the polis and the virtue and happiness of the people from the angle of political ethics. At the end of the article, the author discusses the enlightenment of Plato's thought of justice to the construction of socialist harmonious society in our country. Plato's thought of justice is rational and scientific in general. He made philosophers who are wise and able to understand the idea of good to be supreme rulers, producers who are brave and able to distinguish between themselves and themselves as auxiliaries, and others as producers, This kind of design of three levels of security has realized "using one's ability to the best of one's ability", designed different educational courses according to the talent of assistant and ruler, and achieved "teaching according to one's aptitude". His public-owned design restrained the material desire of the guardian class and delayed the occurrence of corruption to some extent. But the ideal city-state design is not perfect. Plato's "elite perspective" determines his top-down design of political ethical order, and the value of virtue is higher than that of freedom, which has become the weakest part of his theoretical value. He thinks that the relationship between the city state and the individual is the relationship between "big characters" and "small characters", that is, the isomorphism problem. The argument here is also controversial. Some scholars believe that the city state and the individual are not homogeneous and isomorphic. The relationship between city-state justice and individual justice is not the same as Plato's. Even if he realized the limitation of human rationality, the ideal city-state would eventually decline. Although his system ethics design is not perfect, his justice thought still has the enlightenment significance to our country present socialism harmonious society construction.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：沈陽師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號(hào)】：D09

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