本文選題：托克維爾 + 民主�。� 參考：《云南大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：在絕大多數(shù)人——包括許多理論家——看來,民主和專制勢同水火不可相容。然而在托克維爾看來,民主既可以與自由相容,也可能與暴政共存。法國、英國和美國等現(xiàn)代民主國家的政治制度都是中央集權(quán)化的或者正在朝著中央集權(quán)化的趨勢發(fā)展,這是托克維爾的基本結(jié)論。 “托克維爾問題”是對托克維爾民主思想的高度概括,這一問題的前提就在對民主與自由關(guān)系的闡釋。首先引起托克維爾注意的,是身份平等,他視之為“基本事實(shí)”,它使民主成為一個不可阻擋的歷史潮流。在他看來,平等可能產(chǎn)生兩種傾向,一是極端個人主義；二是使人們走上被奴役的狀態(tài)。 托克維爾問題的前提就是在發(fā)現(xiàn)民主與自由存在內(nèi)在的張力,而在民主條件下,自由有被侵犯的危險。所以民主下的行政專制便是托克維爾問題指向的實(shí)質(zhì)。但這種專制究竟是何種專制卻是爭論的焦點(diǎn)。從還原作者意圖上看,并分析《論美國的民主》上下卷的差異,“多數(shù)暴政”并不是托克維爾所擔(dān)憂的。 從世界民主政治的發(fā)展看,民主與憲政不僅不會產(chǎn)生多數(shù)暴政,恰恰會防止多數(shù)暴政的產(chǎn)生。同時,結(jié)合目前行政優(yōu)先發(fā)展及行政集權(quán)化傾向,托克維爾問題的實(shí)質(zhì)就是中央集權(quán)下的行政專制。在托克維爾看來,民主制在本質(zhì)上傾向于中央集權(quán),在這一制度之下,產(chǎn)生了一種新型的專制制度。如果當(dāng)代世界不得不是民主的,并且如果中央集權(quán)化是當(dāng)代世界政府體制的基本特征或者是基本的發(fā)展趨勢,那么,這一基本選擇無疑就具有不可回避的尖銳性。托克維爾問題建立在對民主與自由相悖的前提下,也就是民主與自由的沖突,這一前提對20世紀(jì)政治哲學(xué)也有啟示意義,羅爾斯基于正義原則的平等觀,也是這一問題的回應(yīng),托克維爾問題在當(dāng)代也具有重要意義。
[Abstract]:To the vast majority, including many theorists, democracy and despotism are incompatible with fire and water. In Tocqueville's view, however, democracy can be compatible with freedom and possibly coexisting with tyranny. The basic conclusion of Tocqueville is that the political systems of modern democracies such as France, Britain and the United States are centralized or are moving towards centralization. "Tocqueville problem" is a highly summary of Tocqueville's democratic thought, the premise of which lies in the interpretation of the relationship between democracy and freedom. The first thing that drew Tocqueville's attention was equality of identity, which he regarded as a "basic fact" that made democracy an irresistible historical trend. In his view, equality may produce two tendencies, one is extreme individualism, the other is to enslave people. The premise of the Tocqueville problem is to discover the inherent tension between democracy and freedom, and under democratic conditions, freedom is in danger of being violated. So the administrative autocracy under democracy is the essence of Tocqueville's problem. But what kind of despotism is at issue. From the point of view of the original author's intention, and to analyze the differences between the top and bottom of Democracy in the United States, "majority tyranny" is not Tocqueville's concern. From the development of the world's democratic politics, democracy and constitutionalism will not only prevent the majority tyranny, but also prevent the majority tyranny. At the same time, the essence of the Tocqueville problem is the administrative autocracy under the centralization of administrative power, combined with the development of administrative priority and the tendency of administrative centralization. In Tocqueville's view, democracy was essentially centralized, under which a new autocratic system emerged. If the contemporary world has to be democratic, and if centralization is the basic feature of the contemporary world government system or the basic development trend, then the basic choice will undoubtedly have an unavoidable sharpness. The Tocqueville question is based on the contradiction between democracy and freedom, which is the conflict between democracy and freedom. This premise also has enlightening significance to the political philosophy of the 20th century. Rawls' view of equality based on the principle of justice is also a response to this problem. The question of Tocqueville is also of great significance in contemporary times.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：云南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D09

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