本文選題：自由與民主　切入點：神學政治　出處：《華東師范大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：在現(xiàn)代西方政治哲學革命的諸多思想家中,斯賓諾莎親身經(jīng)歷和見證了西歐早期現(xiàn)代社會多重復雜的"神學政治"沖突。他的哲學思考緊緊圍繞著"神學政治問題"而展開。作為共和主義思想家,斯賓諾莎堅定地支持民主共和,反對君主制復辟。在他看來,世界上只有一個實體,那就是神,神即自然。神自身沒有任何"目的"或意圖,它嚴格服從因果的自然法則——"自然的普遍性原則"。通過對實體一元論的論證,斯賓諾莎塑造了人與自然(神)之間一種全新的關系,這為他闡述人的自由觀點奠定了世界觀基礎。斯賓諾莎撰寫和發(fā)表《神學政治論》有著復雜的神學爭論背景。他對"上帝與人"之間的關系看法注定不能讓自由意志論者以及命定論者滿意。首先他否定了人的自由意志,其次他肯定了人具有運用理性使自己更自由的能力,二者是辯證同一的。自由與主動性密切相聯(lián),自由與德性密不可分,自由與理性緊密相連。只有最受理性指導的人才是最充分掌握自己權利的人,才是最自由的人。實現(xiàn)人的真正自由,還需要做到理性與信仰的和諧。斯賓諾莎主張國家的目的在于實現(xiàn)公民的自由。為此,他通過闡釋《圣經(jīng)》展開宗教批判,力證理性與信仰分離的必要性。宗教不能凌駕于世俗政治權力之上,而是應該服從國家和法律。作為中立者,國家依法保護公民的哲學思考自由與宗教信仰自由。從政體設置的角度看,民主政體享有比君主政體和貴族政體更多的優(yōu)越性。它是最自然的政體,也是最優(yōu)良的政體。民主政體能夠更充分地包容和化解人民因信仰分歧所引發(fā)的社會沖突,維護公民的思想自由與信仰自由,培育公民的理性。在應對"神權政治"問題的處理上,民主政體成功的化解了宗教屬靈權力與政治屬世權力之間長期的緊張沖突,并逐步在西方世界占據(jù)了主導性地位。本文首先從斯賓諾莎的世界觀出發(fā),討論了實體一元論的重要意義,繼而探究了斯賓諾莎自由觀的主要內(nèi)涵與特征。從對《神學政治論》與《政治論》的解讀中,分析斯賓諾莎所處的神學問題與政治斗爭復雜交織的時代背景,以及他為反對加爾文教與奧倫治派的聯(lián)合所作出的不懈努力。研究認為,對"人的自由"思考是斯賓諾莎哲學思想的核心基礎,而民主理論則是斯賓諾莎自由思想的政治表達。在當下世界面臨多重復雜的挑戰(zhàn)時,斯賓諾莎自由與民主理論依然蘊含著深刻意義。維護個體的自由,需要公民的民主參與,國家自身也應不斷推進民主化進程,才能更好的保障人民主權不受侵犯。同時我們也應該看到,斯賓諾莎的理論也存在一些未能解決的難題,比如公民的服從問題、國家權力與個人信仰自由的沖突問題、以及人類生來即有的整體激情問題等。理解和研究斯賓諾莎對于我們思考當下自由主義所面臨的的挑戰(zhàn)具有重要意義,但真要妥善應對這些風險與挑戰(zhàn),還需要學界的師生們集思廣益,貢獻更多的智慧。
[Abstract]:Many thinkers in modern western political philosophy of revolution, Spinoza personally experienced and witnessed the early western modern society "complicated theological political conflict. His philosophical thinking is closely around the" political theology ". As a Republican thinkers, Spinoza firmly supported the Democratic Republic, against the restoration of the monarchy. In his opinion, the world only one entity, that is God, God or nature. God has no purpose or intention, it strictly obey the laws of nature" -- the causal principle of universality of nature ". Based on the monism argument, Spinoza created a man and nature (God) between a new relationship, this lay the foundation for his world view describes the free view of people. Written and published < > theological and political theory has a complex background of Spinoza. His theological controversy" between God and man. " Department of view cannot let libertarians and predestinarian satisfaction. First he denies human free will, then he certainly has the use of reason make their ability more freedom, the two is the dialectical unity of the initiative and freedom. Freedom and virtue are closely linked and inseparable, are closely linked freedom and rationality. Only the most rational person is the most fully right people, is the most free people. True freedom of man, but also needs to be rational and the belief of harmony. Spinoza argues that the country aims to realize the citizen's freedom. Therefore, he launched a critique of religion through the interpretation of the Bible. On the necessity, rationality and belief that separation. Religion can not override the secular political power, but should obey national law. And as a neutral, the State shall protect the citizen freedom philosophy and religion since By setting the regime. From the perspective of democracy has more advantages than the monarchy and the aristocratic regime. It is the most natural state is the most excellent regime. Democracy can contain and resolve social conflicts caused by differences in people's faith more fully, freedom of thought and freedom of religious belief maintenance of citizens the cultivation of citizen, rational. In dealing with "theocracy" on the issue of democracy, successfully resolve the tensions between the long-term religious spiritual power and worldly political power, and gradually in the western world to occupy a dominant position. Firstly, from Spinoza's view of the world and the significance of monism is discussed then, explores the main contents and features of Spinoza's view of freedom from the "theological and political theory" and "political" on the interpretation and analysis of Spinoza's theological and political struggle complex Hybrid background fabric, and the tireless efforts he made for United against Garr and the cultural Orangeman. Studies suggest that "human freedom" thought is the core of Spinoza's philosophy, and the theory of democracy is the political expression of Spinoza's idea of freedom. Facing multiple complex challenges in the present world, still contains the Spinoza free and democratic theory profound significance. The maintenance of individual freedom, democratic participation of citizens, the state itself should continue to promote the democratization process, in order to better safeguard the people's sovereignty infringement. At the same time, we should also see that Spinoza's theory also has some problems to be resolved, such as civil obedience problems that conflict between state power and individual freedom of religion, and the human is born some problems. The whole passion for our understanding and study of Spinoza thought It is of great significance to test the challenges faced by liberalism, but we need to properly cope with these risks and challenges.

【學位授予單位】：華東師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D0

【參考文獻】

相關期刊論文 前2條

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2 賀麟;斯賓諾莎哲學簡述[J];哲學研究;1957年01期

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本文編號：1685933