本文選題：周初　切入點：殷鑒思想　出處：《河北師范大學》2017年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：殷鑒思想是指西周初期的統(tǒng)治者在全面反思總結(jié)三代興亡的歷史,深入的探究殷亡周興的原因的基礎(chǔ)上,結(jié)合周初的政治社會現(xiàn)實提出的政治思想主張。殷鑒思想的提出是為了避免重蹈夏商滅亡的覆轍,實現(xiàn)周王朝的長治久安。殷鑒思想是中國古代政治思想中歷史理性與政治理性結(jié)合的思想根源,對中國傳統(tǒng)政治有著深遠的影響。殷鑒思想是西周初期的統(tǒng)治者為了維護統(tǒng)治穩(wěn)固,對商王朝滅亡的歷史教訓的總結(jié)并提醒西周的統(tǒng)治者引以為鑒的思想,對中國傳統(tǒng)的政治治理提供了思想基礎(chǔ),增強了政治治理的理性化。殷鑒思想形成于西周初期。殷商王朝逐漸走向沒落,與此同時,西周逐漸興起,并通過牧野之戰(zhàn),推翻了商的統(tǒng)治。西周建立初期,興起了“三監(jiān)之亂”,周公進行東征,平定叛亂。成王繼位初期,政治統(tǒng)治面臨內(nèi)憂外患,在這種背景下,統(tǒng)治者對于西周的政治統(tǒng)治有著深深的擔憂,以周公為代表的統(tǒng)治者對夏商周三代的王朝興亡進行了政治總結(jié),對王朝更迭的歷史事實進行了深刻的反思和借鑒。殷鑒思想對于殷商時期“帝”至上的思想有了實質(zhì)性的突破,通過思考殷周興敗的史實,武王產(chǎn)生了天命不常的思想,這是殷鑒思想中天命觀的初步發(fā)展。周公著重于對殷商亡國進行了思考,分析了殷商滅亡的原因,并指出西周以后的統(tǒng)治者應(yīng)該對此引以為鑒,形成了系統(tǒng)的殷鑒思想。殷鑒思想的形成,是中國政治思想中歷史理性與政治理性的結(jié)合的源頭。西周初期的統(tǒng)治者,在殷鑒思想的主要內(nèi)容中,首先分析了三代天命轉(zhuǎn)移的原因,認為是夏商的統(tǒng)治者失去了得以天命的德,所以才受到了上天降下的懲罰失去了天命,并在此基礎(chǔ)上提出了以德配天的天命觀。周公認為,獲得天命的依據(jù)在于君主是否具有良好的政治德行,這樣就形成了以德配天的政治路線,把德融入政治統(tǒng)治,認為德是政治統(tǒng)治的基礎(chǔ),是政治權(quán)力來源合法性的依據(jù)。其次,殷鑒思想對夏商周三代興亡的規(guī)律進行了探析,并對夏商末期王朝走向滅亡的原因進行了總結(jié):夏殷無德,天降罰命,亂法度,失民心等,并對商周興起的原因進行了分析。在三代興亡的規(guī)律的探析下,周公總結(jié)并提出了以敬德保民為核心的德性政治觀,包括了重農(nóng)保民,明德慎罰等主要內(nèi)容。最后,周公對夏商周三代國家治理的經(jīng)驗進行了總結(jié)并提出了為政以德的施政方略。從以德配天出發(fā),形成了敬德保民的政治路線,將敬德,慎罰,保民緊密的結(jié)合。在總結(jié)國家治理經(jīng)驗的過程中,周公還認為要想統(tǒng)治長久,統(tǒng)治者必須能夠任人唯賢,具有良好的個人品德,戒酒、勤政,并對百姓進行道德教化,這樣才能避免重蹈夏商的覆轍。殷鑒思想的形成產(chǎn)生了深遠的影響。在周公之后的成王、康王統(tǒng)治期間,形成了“成康之治”的盛世。在春秋時期,孔子和孟子對殷鑒思想中的德性政治觀進行了發(fā)展。殷鑒思想對中國傳統(tǒng)政治范式也有著深遠的影響。中國傳統(tǒng)政治范式中,史鑒思想一直是統(tǒng)治者吸取前朝經(jīng)驗教訓更好的進行統(tǒng)治的有效方法,這種傳統(tǒng)源于殷鑒思想,德治和民本思想是中國傳統(tǒng)政治范式中的核心內(nèi)容,道德教化也是統(tǒng)治者維護統(tǒng)治極為有效的方法,受殷鑒思想的影響,中國傳統(tǒng)政治范式中,一直存在著刑德并重教化為先的傳統(tǒng),而且極為重視敬德保民的傳統(tǒng)。這些政治思想和政治措施的形成與發(fā)展深受殷鑒思想的影響。殷鑒思想作為歷史理性與政治理性結(jié)合的思想根源,對西周時期的政治統(tǒng)治及中國傳統(tǒng)政治治理都有著深遠的影響,值得認真的總結(jié)研究。
[Abstract]:The lesson of thought refers to the early Western Zhou Dynasty rulers in the comprehensive reflection summary of three generations of the rise and fall of history, based on in-depth study of Yin Wangzhou Xing on the combination of political ideas at the beginning of the week political and social reality is put forward. Historical thought is proposed in order to avoid repeating the mistakes of the demise of Xia and Shang, Zhou Dynasty. The historical thought of long period of stability is a combination of historical reason and the political reason of the ideological roots Chinese ancient political thought, has a profound impact on the traditional political lesson. China thought is the early Western Zhou Dynasty rulers in order to maintain the rule of stability, the lessons of history towards the king's death and remind the Western Zhou Dynasty rulers take up the idea, provides the foundation of Ideological and political governance the traditional Chinese, enhance the rational political governance. Historical thoughts formed in the early Western Zhou Dynasty. The Shang Dynasty gradually decline, at the same time, the Western Zhou Dynasty Gradually on the rise, and the battle of Makino, overthrew the rule of the Western Zhou Dynasty. Taking the early establishment, the rise of the "three prison rebellion", the Duke of a crusade against the rebellion. King was the early political rule facing domestic trouble and foreign invasion, in this context, the rulers have a deep concern for the Western Zhou Dynasty's political rule, to the Duke as the representative of the rulers of the Shang Dynasty and the generation of the Wednesday political summary of dynastic change of historical facts and learn from the profound reflection. Historical thought for the Shang Dynasty "emperor" first thoughts have a substantive breakthrough, by thinking of yin and Zhou Xing defeated the king had destiny not historical facts. This is often thought, historical thought the initial development of Zhongtian's view of life. The emphasis on the subjugation of thought, analyzes the causes of the death, and pointed out that after the Western Zhou Dynasty rulers should use this form. The system of historical thought. The formation of historical thought, is the source of political thought with China historical reason and the political reason. The rulers in the early Western Zhou Dynasty, the main content of historical thought, first analyzes the cause of the three generation of destiny transfer, that is the ruler of the Xia and Shang lost to the fate of the German, so is the heaven of punishment has lost the destiny, and based on the concept of heaven. The Duke de Scbd that won the fate of the monarch is a good basis lies in the political virtue, so as to form the distribution of virtue political line, put into the German political rule, that is the basis of German political rule that is the source of the legitimacy of the political power according to law. Secondly, historical thoughts of Xia and Shang Wednesday on the rise and fall of generation, and the end of the demise of the Xia and Shang Dynasty reasons are summarized: Xia Yin without virtue, The day of punishment life, chaos testimonies, lost people, and the rise of Shang and Zhou are analyzed. In the three generation of the rise and fall of the law, the Duke of Zhou summarized and put forward to King Tak as the core of the virtue of political views, including agriculture and protecting the people, the main content of Ming Shen punishment. Finally, the experience of Xiashang Wednesday the generation of national governance are summarized and put forward the policy for the government in Germany. From the distribution of virtue of the formation of the political line of the King Tak, Jingde, Shen Bao min penalty, closely. In the process of summing up the experience of national governance, Zhou also believes that in order to rule for a long time, the rulers must be able to merit, have good personal qualities, abstinence, diligent, and moral education to the people, so as to avoid repeating mistakes. Xiashang exerted a profound impact on the formation of error thought. In the King Zhou after the reign of montevideo, The formation of the "Sung Kang rule" of the spirit. In the spring and Autumn period, Confucius and Mencius of political lesson in Ideological and moral concept of development. Historical thought also has a far-reaching influence on the traditional political China paradigm. China traditional political paradigm, Shi Jian thought has always been the rulers draw lessons before toward better carry out effective methods rule, this derives from the traditional historical thought, morality and thought of the people is the core content of Chinese traditional political paradigm, moral education is also the ruler to maintain the rule of very effective method, influenced by the historical thought, Chinese traditional political paradigm, there has been a penalty for the first German Enlightenment and tradition, and for the attention of King Tak tradition. Influence of the formation and development of the political thoughts and measures by historical thought. Historical thought as the ideological roots with the historical reason and the political reason It has a profound influence on the political rule of the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Chinese traditional political governance. It is worthy of a serious summary and study.

【學位授予單位】：河北師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D092

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