本文選題：自由　切入點：民主　出處：《西南政法大學》2010年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】： 托克維爾在思想界以其對美國民主的分析和對法國大革命的研究而聞名,但是他所關(guān)注的實質(zhì)問題卻是自由。無論是研究美國民主還是法國大革命,托克維爾最終的目的都是闡釋他的自由觀。他的自由觀是體現(xiàn)在他對自由在美國和在法國的不同命運的分析中的,自由在兩國命運迥異正是由于保障自由和威脅自由的因素在兩國有不同的搭配。但是這些因素在很大程度上是相同的,例如美國的中間團體——鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)是保障美國人民享有自由的重要因素,而在法國中間團體的失勢正是自由缺失的一個因素。因而對比兩種自由模式能夠更有效地提煉托克維爾自由觀的核心。 文章分為五個部分,各部分的主要內(nèi)容如下: 第一部分:引言。托克維爾的思想具有復雜性,因為他兼具政治理論家、政治實踐家和歷史學家等多重身份,因而將其思想劃入某一范疇十分困難。不過他的思想核心則是明確的,即自由問題。 第二部分:托克維爾自由觀的形成。人類的自由思想由來已久,自由觀念也在傳承中不斷發(fā)展,法國是自由思想的重鎮(zhèn)。前輩們的思想是托克維爾思考問題的基礎(chǔ),對其產(chǎn)生最直接影響的是孟德斯鳩、盧梭和帕斯卡爾。其著作的整體風格、主題、目標等方面都在某種程度上與他的智識前輩間存在一貫性。另一方面,他的政治實踐活動和他所處的法國特殊的政治背景也為他自由的觀形成提供了實踐淵源。 第三部分:自由的美國模式。在美國,自由與民主存在著密切的聯(lián)系,自由有助于民主的發(fā)展,而民主也有使人愛好自由的傾向。民主存在多數(shù)暴政、個人主義、中央集權(quán)三大威脅,而抵制這三種威脅最重要手段的是重視自由的價值。保障美國自由的因素包括地理環(huán)境、法制和民情。美國的聯(lián)邦制度、鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)自治制度、司法權(quán)的設(shè)置、兩院制等都是保障自由的法制因素。而在民情中,最重要的是宗教因素,政教分離的模式為自由提供了生長的空間。 第四部分:自由的法國模式。以自由為口號的法國大革命并沒有建立一個自由的國家。法國自由缺失的原因包括中央集權(quán)、中間團體的失勢和文人的影響。從中央的國王到地方的總督,法國形成了龐大的行政體系。同時,通過調(diào)案制度,行政權(quán)力不斷排擠司法權(quán),中央集權(quán)問題十分嚴重。無論在城市還是在農(nóng)村,原本在國家和個人之間起到緩沖作用的貴族、教區(qū)、城市議會等都逐漸失去了原本的勢力,這使得個人自由直接面對國家的侵蝕。法國的文人與政治實踐存在嚴重的斷裂,而他們對政治又時常發(fā)表意見,這些不合時宜的政治論述也損害了自由精神。革命掃除了很多自由的障礙,但同時革命也摧毀了原本存在的許多自由。 第五部分:結(jié)語。通過對比自由的兩種命運總結(jié)托克維爾的核心觀念:在現(xiàn)代政治制度下,自由需要民主的保障,也只有自由才能夠拯救受到各種威脅的民主。自由的存在離不開社會中間團體的存在,合理的法律制度和民情都有利于自由的生長。雖然革命以自由為目標,但其最終的結(jié)果卻不一定是自由,相反革命可能摧毀自由而又無法很好地重構(gòu)自由。托克維爾的自由觀影響了其后的法哲學,也為中國問題提供了啟示。
[Abstract]:Tocqueville in the ideological circles with its famous for research and analysis of the French Revolution and democracy in the United States, but his concern is the essence of freedom. It is the study of American democracy and the French Revolution, Tocqueville's ultimate goal is to explain his view of freedom. His view of freedom is reflected in his analysis of the different fate of freedom in the United States and in France in the free in the fate of different because of freedom and the security threat free factors have different collocation in the two countries. But these factors are the same to a large extent, such as the United States, the middle group township is an important element protecting American's freedom, and in France the intermediate group eclipse is a factor in the absence of liberty. And two kinds of free mode can effectively refine the core of Tocqueville's concept of freedom.
The article is divided into five parts, the main contents of each part are as follows:
The first part: introduction. Tocqueville's thought is complex, because he has the political theorist, historian and political practitioners with multiple identities, thus the theory to a certain category is very difficult. But the core of his thought is clear, that is the problem of freedom.
The second part: the formation of Tocqueville's concept of freedom. Freedom of human freedom development concept is long-standing, in the tradition, France is the center of free thought. The predecessors are based on the idea of Tocqueville's question of thinking, the most direct influence is Montesquieu, Rousseau and Pascale. The overall style, his works theme. The target and other aspects of his wisdom to some extent are consistent between the advanced knowledge. On the other hand, his political activities and he has the special political background for his free view provides the practice origin.
The third part: the freedom of the United States. In the United States, freedom and democracy are closely linked, free to contribute to the development of democracy, and democracy are the freedom loving tendencies. Democracy has majority tyranny, individualism, centralization of three huge threats to boycott the three threats is the most important means pay attention to the value of freedom. Freedom in the United States security factors including geographical environment, legal system and condition of the people. The United States federal system, township autonomy, judicial power settings are bicameral legal elements to protect freedom. But in the people, is the most important religious factors, the mode of secularism provides space for growth free.
The fourth part: the free French model. The French Revolution to free the slogan does not establish a free country. Because of the absence of liberty in France including the centralization of power, influence the disgrace of intermediate groups and scholars. From the central and local governors, France formed a huge administrative system. At the same time, by adjusting the the system of administrative power, judicial power being crowded out, centralization is a serious problem. Whether in the city or in the countryside, originally played a buffer role of nobility, between country and individual Parish, City Council have gradually lost the original power, which makes the individual freedom directly facing the nation's erosion. There are serious faults the literati and the political practice in France, and they often comment on politics, the political discourse be inopportune or inappropriate also damages the spirit of freedom. The revolution cleared a lot of obstacles of liberty, but at the same time The revolution also destroyed many of the freedoms that had existed.
The fifth part: conclusion. By two the fate of summarizing Tocqueville's core concept of freedom: in contrast to modern political system, freedom needs the guarantee of democracy, freedom and only be able to save all kinds of threat to democracy. The existence of freedom cannot do without the social intermediate organizations and the existence of reasonable legal system and condition of the people the growth of freedom. Although the revolutionary goal in liberty, but the result is not necessarily free, opposite revolution may destroy the liberty without a good reconstruction of freedom. The freedom of Tocqueville influenced later philosophy, but also provides some enlightenment for China.

【學位授予單位】：西南政法大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：D095.65

【引證文獻】

相關(guān)碩士學位論文 前2條

1 丁寧;我國網(wǎng)絡多數(shù)暴政問題研究[D];湖北工業(yè)大學;2012年

2 李伯遠;鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)自治精神：托克維爾關(guān)于美國民主的重大發(fā)現(xiàn)[D];首都師范大學;2013年

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本文編號：1557097