【摘要】：表象預(yù)期是當(dāng)無(wú)客觀刺激輸入感官系統(tǒng)時(shí),個(gè)體已有知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)在大腦高級(jí)皮層所形成的“預(yù)測(cè)性編碼”使個(gè)體對(duì)將要出現(xiàn)的刺激進(jìn)行判斷時(shí)所表現(xiàn)出的一種具有主觀色彩的心理偏向,是知覺(jué)自上而下加工的具體表現(xiàn)形式。知識(shí)經(jīng)驗(yàn)作為一種自上而下的信息在一定程度上促進(jìn)了“專家”的運(yùn)動(dòng)表現(xiàn)。那么,自上而下的信息對(duì)低經(jīng)驗(yàn)群體有著怎樣的影響?在運(yùn)動(dòng)心理學(xué)領(lǐng)域,對(duì)自上而下刺激調(diào)控的研究較少。本文選取必須有自上而下知覺(jué)加工過(guò)程的足球罰點(diǎn)球?yàn)楸尘?考察其如何影響對(duì)撲球方向的判斷。針對(duì)研究問(wèn)題的特殊性,從外部效度出發(fā),本研究通過(guò)預(yù)實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證“專家”優(yōu)勢(shì)的存在并根據(jù)高低經(jīng)驗(yàn)組在不同時(shí)間分割點(diǎn)上的反應(yīng)時(shí)、正確率和確信程度選定能代表不同預(yù)判任務(wù)的兩個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)。此外,通過(guò)分析預(yù)實(shí)驗(yàn)后兩組被試對(duì)開(kāi)放問(wèn)題的回答,發(fā)現(xiàn)自上而下知覺(jué)加工廣泛存在于高經(jīng)驗(yàn)組,為探討表象預(yù)期在低經(jīng)驗(yàn)水平組中的作用起到了鋪墊作用。正式實(shí)驗(yàn)對(duì)象為26名普通男大學(xué)生。行為學(xué)結(jié)果表明:(1)任務(wù)難度主效應(yīng)顯著,高任務(wù)難度時(shí)被試對(duì)撲球方向判斷的正確率低且反應(yīng)時(shí)長(zhǎng);(2)表象預(yù)期主效應(yīng)顯著,表象預(yù)期在影響正確率與反應(yīng)時(shí)上表現(xiàn)出了一致時(shí)的促進(jìn)作用、不一致時(shí)阻礙作用和無(wú)表象預(yù)期時(shí)的無(wú)作用;(3)任務(wù)難度與表象預(yù)期交互作用在正確率上顯著,反應(yīng)時(shí)上不顯著;(4)反應(yīng)比例表明,只有在高任務(wù)難度下表象預(yù)期對(duì)行為選擇的影響才能表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。腦電結(jié)果中,C1、P2、N2、LPC表象預(yù)期主效應(yīng)顯著。表象預(yù)期一致時(shí)能減少?zèng)_突(表象預(yù)期不一致的N2波幅顯著高于一致),且能夠加深對(duì)信息的加工程度(表象預(yù)期一致時(shí)LPC波幅顯著大于不一致)。但這種加工不會(huì)導(dǎo)致認(rèn)知資源被過(guò)多占用,反而會(huì)節(jié)約認(rèn)知資源(表象預(yù)期不一致、一致所誘發(fā)的P2平均波幅均顯著低于無(wú)表象預(yù)期)。本文研究結(jié)果與假設(shè)整體相符,表象預(yù)期能影響對(duì)撲球方向的判斷。表象預(yù)期一致促使個(gè)體又快又準(zhǔn)做出反應(yīng),不一致則相反。而且,表象預(yù)期的促進(jìn)作用使得信息得到深度加工的同時(shí)節(jié)約認(rèn)知資源。行為學(xué)和腦電結(jié)果都顯示出了表象預(yù)期一致對(duì)成功撲球的重要影響,提示教練員和守門員在“知己”的同時(shí)更要“知彼”,訓(xùn)練中注意表象預(yù)期的建立和應(yīng)用。
[Abstract]:Appearance expectation is a kind of subjective psychological bias, which is formed by the "predictive coding" formed by the knowledge and experience of the individual in the advanced cerebral cortex when there is no objective stimulus input into the sensory system, and it is a concrete form of perceptual top-down processing. As a kind of top-down information, knowledge and experience promote the sports performance of experts to a certain extent. So, what is the impact of top-down information on low-experience groups? In the field of sports psychology, there is little research on top-down stimulus regulation. In this paper, the penalty of football, which must have top-down perceptual processing, is selected as the background to investigate how it affects the judgment of the direction of playing the ball. In view of the particularity of the research problem, starting from the external validity, this study verifies the existence of the advantage of "experts" through pre-experiments, and selects two time points that can represent different predictive tasks according to the response of the high and low experience groups at different time segmentation points. In addition, by analyzing the answers of the two groups to open questions after the pre-experiment, it is found that top-down perceptual processing widely exists in the high experience group, which plays an important role in exploring the role of representation expectation in the low experience level group. The formal subjects were 26 ordinary male college students. The results of behavior show that: (1) the main effect of task difficulty is significant, the correct rate of judging the direction of playing ball is low and the response time is long, (2) the main effect of image expectation should be significant, the effect of image expectation is consistent with the reaction time, the hindrance effect is not consistent with the reaction time, and there is no effect when there is no appearance expectation. (3) the interaction between task difficulty and appearance expectation is significant in correct rate, but not in reaction time. (4) the reaction ratio shows that the influence of appearance expectation on behavior choice can only be shown at high task difficulty. Among the EEG results, C _ 1, P _ 2, N _ 2, LPC were expected to have significant main effects. When the appearance expectation is consistent, the conflict can be reduced (the N2 amplitude of the appearance expectation is significantly higher than that of the consistency), and the processing degree of the information can be deepened (the LPC amplitude is significantly larger than the inconsistency when the appearance expectation is consistent). However, this kind of processing will not lead to excessive occupation of cognitive resources, but will save cognitive resources (the average amplitude of P2 induced by consistency is significantly lower than that of no appearance expectation). The results of this paper are consistent with the hypothesis as a whole, and the appearance expectation can affect the judgment of the direction of playing the ball. Consistent appearance expectations prompt individuals to react quickly and accurately, while inconsistency leads to the opposite. Moreover, the promoting effect of representation expectation makes the information be processed deeply and saves cognitive resources at the same time. The results of behavior and EEG showed that the consistent appearance expectation had an important influence on the successful playing of the ball, suggesting that coaches and goalkeeper should "know the other" at the same time of "bosom friend" and pay attention to the establishment and application of appearance expectation in training.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢體育學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：B842

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