【摘要】：工作記憶是一個用于保持和操縱復(fù)雜認(rèn)知和思維信息的資源有限系統(tǒng)。工作記憶廣度即工作記憶容量,其大小經(jīng)常被視為是對認(rèn)知加工能力的重要限制,是衡量工作記憶的重要指標(biāo)�？臻g能力是人類智能的重要成分,空間方位概念認(rèn)知是空間能力的基礎(chǔ)構(gòu)成部分。其中“上/下”、“前/后”、“左/右”、“里/外”是最基本的方位概念。而交通安全認(rèn)知則是指在道路交通方面的一般知識及安全認(rèn)識,它包括交通標(biāo)志、交通規(guī)則及交通安全等方面的一般的、常用的、眾所周知的知識。國內(nèi)外的研究已經(jīng)證實(shí)工作記憶廣度對空間方位概念和交通安全認(rèn)知具有重要作用,并且個體空間方位概念的掌握程度對其交通安全認(rèn)知也產(chǎn)生一定影響。但是關(guān)于這三者之間相互作用的關(guān)系,尤其是中度智力落后兒童在這些方面的情況等研究目前還比較薄弱。本研究通過對90名中度智力落后兒童工作記憶廣度、空間方位概念和交通安全認(rèn)知進(jìn)行考察,并對三者之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行探討,以期為中度智力落后兒童相關(guān)認(rèn)知領(lǐng)域研究及教育實(shí)踐提供幫助。本研究得出如下結(jié)論:(1)從總體上來看,7-15歲中度智力落后兒童工作記憶廣度、空間方位概念和交通安全認(rèn)知的成績均隨著年齡的增長而提高,10-12歲是中度智力落后兒童空間方位概念和交通安全認(rèn)知發(fā)展的關(guān)鍵時期。(2)不同性別中度智力落后兒童在工作記憶廣度和交通安全認(rèn)知成績上的差異均不顯著。在空間方位概念中,不同性別中度智力落后兒童的動作擺放任務(wù)、以物體為中心任務(wù)、“左/右”、“上/下”和總體空間方位概念上的平均正確率存在顯著差異。(3)在工作記憶廣度任務(wù)中,中度智力落后兒童在空間記憶廣度上的成績顯著高于在數(shù)字記憶廣度和詞語記憶廣度上的成績。(4)在空間方位概念任務(wù)中,中度智力落后兒童在口頭表達(dá)任務(wù)中的平均正確率顯著低于在動作擺放任務(wù)中的平均正確率;以物體為中心任務(wù)中的平均正確率顯著低于在以被試為中心任務(wù)中的平均正確率;“左/右”和“前/后”的平均正確率均顯著低于“上/下”、“里/外”的平均正確率。(5)在交通安全認(rèn)知上,中度智力落后兒童的交通標(biāo)志認(rèn)知的平均正確率顯著高于交通規(guī)則認(rèn)知、交通安危認(rèn)知的平均正確率;交通規(guī)則認(rèn)知的平均正確率顯著高于交通安危認(rèn)知的平均正確率。(6)中度智力落后兒童的工作記憶廣度成績與空間方位概念成績之間顯著相關(guān),空間方位概念成績與交通安全認(rèn)知成績之間顯著相關(guān),工作記憶廣度成績與交通安全認(rèn)知成績之間也呈顯著相關(guān)。7)中度智力落后兒童的空間方位概念在工作記憶廣度和交通安全認(rèn)知之間起部分中介作用,間接作用占總效應(yīng)的48.89%。
[Abstract]:Working memory is a resource-limited system used to maintain and manipulate complex cognitive and thinking information. Working memory span, that is, working memory capacity, is often regarded as an important limitation on cognitive processing ability and an important index to measure working memory. Spatial ability is an important component of human intelligence, and spatial orientation concept cognition is the basic component of spatial capability. Among them, "up / down", "front / rear", "left / right" and "inside / outside" are the most basic concepts of orientation. Traffic safety cognition refers to the general knowledge and safety understanding of road traffic, which includes general, commonly used and well-known knowledge of traffic signs, traffic rules and traffic safety. Studies at home and abroad have confirmed that working memory span plays an important role in spatial orientation concept and traffic safety cognition, and the mastery of individual spatial orientation concept also has a certain impact on their traffic safety cognition. However, the relationship between the three, especially the situation of children with moderate mental retardation in these aspects, is still relatively weak. This study investigated the working memory span, spatial orientation concept and traffic safety cognition of 90 children with moderate mental retardation, and discussed the relationship among them, in order to provide help for the research and educational practice of related cognitive fields of children with moderate mental retardation. The conclusions of this study are as follows: (1) on the whole, the working memory span, spatial orientation concept and traffic safety cognition of children with moderate mental retardation aged 7 years and 15 years old all improve with the increase of age. 10 years old 12 years old is the key period for the development of spatial orientation concept and traffic safety cognition of children with moderate mental retardation. (2) there is no significant difference in working memory span and traffic safety cognitive performance among children with moderate mental retardation of different genders. In the concept of spatial orientation, there are significant differences in the average correct rate between the concept of spatial orientation and the concept of "left / right", "upper / lower" and overall spatial orientation in the action placement task of children with moderate mental retardation of different genders. (3) in the task of working memory span, The scores of children with moderate mental retardation in spatial memory span were significantly higher than those in digital memory span and word memory span. (4) in the spatial orientation concept task, the average correct rate of children with moderate mental retardation in oral expression task was significantly lower than that in action placement task; The average correct rate in object-centered task is significantly lower than that in subject-centered task. The average correct rate of "left / right" and "front / rear" was significantly lower than that of "top / bottom" and "inside / outside". (5) in traffic safety cognition, the average correct rate of traffic sign cognition in children with moderate mental retardation was significantly higher than that in traffic rule cognition and traffic safety cognition. The average correct rate of traffic rule cognition is significantly higher than that of traffic safety cognition. (6) the working memory span score of children with moderate mental retardation is significantly correlated with the spatial orientation concept score, and the spatial orientation concept score is significantly correlated with the traffic safety cognition score. There was also a significant correlation between working memory span and traffic safety cognition. 7) the concept of spatial orientation of children with moderate mental retardation played a partial intermediary role between working memory span and traffic safety cognition, accounting for 48.89% of the total effect.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：B842.3

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