【摘要】：公平涉及我們生活的方方面面,是人類社會生活的基本準(zhǔn)則與目標(biāo),是維護合作所必需的行為規(guī)范。由于公平行為的實質(zhì)是對自我利益與他人利益的權(quán)衡,因而實驗經(jīng)濟學(xué)家、心理學(xué)家常采用博弈范式來探討公平,其中最后通牒博弈(ultimatum game,簡稱UG)就是測量公平偏好的有效工具之一。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),基于公平考慮,人們往往會將"免費的意外之財"拒之門外。對此,前人從理論與實證角度對公平行為的發(fā)生、發(fā)展以及影響因素進行了深入探討。本研究受Deutsch于1975年提出的三種公平原則啟發(fā),目的一是考察平等原則和均衡原則在人們的公平行為中是如何發(fā)揮作用的。由于被試的需求原則很難控制操縱,因此本研究并未涉及對需求原則的考察,只把它作為一個控制變量,以一定份額的金錢作為公平分配的資源。已有的研究文獻也表明性別和社會價值取向因素會影響到人們的公平行為。因此,本研究另一個目的是通過操縱有關(guān)公平?jīng)Q策的情境和方案,以綜合探究不同性別、價值取向大學(xué)生公平行為的特點。本研究采用的均為UG范式,主要由以下兩個實驗組成:實驗一是對平等原則的探討,自變量為性別、社會價值取向、分配情境和分配方案,因變量為回應(yīng)者的公平?jīng)Q策行為,通過考察在不同情境和方案下回應(yīng)者所做的公平行為,分析不同類型大學(xué)生公平行為的特點,以及意圖、相對收益、絕對收益等因素在不同類型大學(xué)生回應(yīng)者的公平行為中所起的作用。實驗二引入了均衡原則,自變量為性別、社會價值取向和高低貢獻率,因變量為提議則和回應(yīng)者的公平?jīng)Q策行為,通過考察提議者和回應(yīng)者的公平行為,來分析不同類型大學(xué)生公平行為的特點及自我中心偏差因素在其中發(fā)揮的作用。實驗一結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):①男女生都在乎絕對收益和意圖,且女生還在乎相對收益;相比與男生,女生對不公平方案容忍度更低。②親社會者和親自我者都在乎絕對收益和意圖,且親自我者還看重相對收益;親社會者偏向公平,而親自我者偏向個人利益。③社會價值取向會影響男女生的公平行為,女親社會者更偏向做公平?jīng)Q策行為。親社會者中,男生看重對方的意圖;親自我者中,女生看重對方的意圖。在不同方案選擇上,親社會者存在性別差異,女性更偏向公平,而親自我者不存在性別差異。實驗二結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):①人們對公平原則的選擇更多是依據(jù)于不同條件下個人收益的大小,表明人們在公平行為中存在利己的自我中心偏差。②男女生在公平原則的自我偏差方面沒有性別差異,都表現(xiàn)出了利己的傾向。不同價值取向者在公平原則的自我偏差方面也沒有價值取向的差異,也都表現(xiàn)出了利己的傾向。③親社會者中,男生比女生更利己;而親自我者中,女生比男生更利己。④無論是男女生被試,還是不同價值取向者被試,在面對平等、均衡、超公平和超不公平的方案時,無論貢獻率高低,都傾向于拒絕同時違背均衡和平等原則的決定,對平等和均衡提議的接受度最高。總體說來,在不涉及到投入產(chǎn)出的均衡時,人們默認(rèn)的是按照平等原則來平均分配。而涉及到投入與產(chǎn)出的權(quán)衡時,人們對平等原則和均衡原則的選擇更多是依據(jù)不同條件下個人收益的多少。但人們的公平行為不會偏離平等原則和均衡原則太多,對符合公平原則的方案滿意度也最高,傾向拒絕同時偏離這兩種公平原則的提議。表明公平原則在人們的公平?jīng)Q策行為中起到重要的作用。不同性別和價值取向大學(xué)生在公平?jīng)Q策行為時表現(xiàn)出了很多差異,人們在公平行為中都表現(xiàn)出了自利的傾向,然而女生比男生更偏向公平,親社會者也比親自我者更看重群體利益,對不公平的容忍度也更低。
[Abstract]:Equity involves all aspects of our life, is the basic principle and goal of human social life, and is the necessary code of conduct for maintaining cooperation. Because the essence of the fair behavior is the trade-off of the self-interest and the interests of others, the experimental economist and the psychologist often use the game paradigm to explore the fairness, and the ultimatum game (UG) is one of the effective tools to measure the fair preference. It has been found that, based on equity, people often turn the "A free-of-charge windfall." out of the door. In this regard, the author deeply discusses the occurrence, development and the influencing factors of the fair behavior from the perspective of the theory and the empirical angle. This study is inspired by the three principles of equity proposed by Deutsch in 1975, with the aim of examining how the principle of equality and the principle of equality play a role in the fair conduct of people. Because the subject's need principle is difficult to control the manipulation, the study does not involve the investigation of the principle of demand, and only takes it as a control variable, and takes a certain share of money as a fair-distributed resource. The existing research literature also shows that gender and social value orientation factors can affect people's fair behavior. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the characteristics of the fair behavior of the college students with different sex and value by manipulating the situation and the scheme about the fair decision. The study adopted the UG model, which is mainly composed of the following two experiments: the first is the discussion of the principle of equality, the independent variable is the sex, the social value orientation, the distribution situation and the distribution plan, and the variable is the fair decision-making behavior of the responder, Through the investigation of the fair behavior of the respondents under different situations and scenarios, the paper analyzes the characteristics of the fair behavior of different types of college students, and the role of the factors such as the intention, the relative income and the absolute income in the fair behavior of the respondents of different types of college students. The equilibrium principle is introduced in the experiment 2. The independent variable is the sex, the social value orientation and the high and low contribution rate. The variable is the fair decision-making behavior of the author and the responder, and through the investigation of the fair behavior of the author and the responder, This paper analyzes the characteristics of the fair behavior of different types of college students and their role in the self-central deviation factors. The results of the experiment found that both men and women care for absolute income and intent, and that girls care about relative earnings; and compared with boys, girls are less tolerant of unfair programme tolerance. Both the pro-society and the person in person care about the absolute income and intention, and the person in person also value the relative benefit; the pro-social person is biased to justice, and the person in person is in favor of the personal benefit. The value orientation of the social value affects the fair behavior of the male and female students, and the female pro-social person is more inclined to do the fair decision-making behavior. In a pro-society, boys value the other's intentions; in person, the girls value the other's intentions. In the choice of different schemes, there is a gender difference between the pro-social and the female, and the female is more fair, and the person in person does not have sex differences. The two results of the experiment show that the choice of the fair principle is more based on the size of the individual income under different conditions, which shows that the self-centered deviation of the self-center exists in the fair behavior. There is no gender difference in the self-bias of the principle of equality between men and women, all of which show the tendency of self-interest. The different value-oriented people do not have the difference in the value orientation in terms of the self-bias of the principle of fairness, and also show the tendency of self-interest. In a pro-society, a boy is more self-interested than a girl, and in person, a girl is more self-interested than a male. Both male and female subjects, or different value-oriented, were tried, and in the face of an equal, balanced, ultra-fair and ultra-unfair programme, the acceptance of the equality and balance proposals was the highest, whether or not the contribution rate was to be rejected at the same time, in violation of the principle of equalization and equality. In general, when the balance of input-output is not involved, the default is to distribute equally according to the principle of equality. The choice of the principle of equality and the principle of balance is more dependent on the amount of individual income under different conditions when the trade-off of input and output is concerned. But people's equity does not deviate from the principle of equality and the principle of equalization, and the satisfaction of the programme that is in accordance with the principle of equity is also the highest, and the tendency to refuse to deviate from the two principles of equity at the same time. The principle of fairness plays an important role in people's fair decision-making. The different sex and value-oriented college students show a lot of difference in the behavior of fair decision-making, and people show the tendency of self-interest in the fair behavior. The tolerance to inequity is also lower.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：天津師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：B848.4

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