【摘要】：決策信心(Decision-making Confidence)是指在進行決策或判斷時,個體對其決策最優(yōu)性或正確性的把握程度。決策信心是決策過程中最基本的成分之一,它對當下或后續(xù)決策都具有重要的調(diào)控作用。因此,對該領(lǐng)域進行深入研究不僅具有很高的科學(xué)價值,也具有重要的實踐意義。目前,決策信心的研究主要集中在信心啟發(fā)式、信心測量、信心校準以及信心評估的認知加工模式等領(lǐng)域,也有研究者開始探索決策信心表征和加工的神經(jīng)基礎(chǔ)。先前的研究范式大都基于單次信心的評估或校準,然而現(xiàn)實生活中,人類決策信心的確定通常有 個逐漸的建構(gòu)過程。新近,有研究提出了決策信心建構(gòu)的兩階段動態(tài)信號檢測論(TDSD)的模型：決策后,信息會繼續(xù)累積,決策信心也會隨著決策前后不斷累積的信息發(fā)生動態(tài)變化；信息的性質(zhì)、數(shù)量和信息累積的時間順序等都會對決策信心的建構(gòu)產(chǎn)生重要影響。因此,本研究依據(jù)TDSD的觀點,從認知加工的角度考察了不同性質(zhì)的信息和數(shù)量(實驗一)以及呈現(xiàn)順序(實驗二)對決策信心動態(tài)建構(gòu)的影響及作用機制；從神經(jīng)機制的角度,利用靜息態(tài)功能性磁共振技術(shù)(resting-state fMRI)考察了決策信心建構(gòu)的差異的神經(jīng)基礎(chǔ)(實驗三)。 實驗一通過操縱反饋信息的性質(zhì)(支持和反對)以及數(shù)量(一致性程度),系統(tǒng)考察了反饋信息性質(zhì)和數(shù)量對決策信心動態(tài)建構(gòu)的影響及作用機制。結(jié)果表明：(1)支持性的信息組合使決策信心增大,反對性的信息組合使決策信心降低,基線信心組合則對決策信心沒有顯著影響。(2)支持/反對程度越高,信息變化越大；當支持/反對程度為中等和高等時,反對信息引起的信心變化顯著大于支持信息,表現(xiàn)出一種“負性偏向”(即個體對負性信息更加敏感)。這些結(jié)果說明,在決策信心的建構(gòu)中信息的性質(zhì)和數(shù)量具有重要的作用,而且負性信息對決策信心的影響更為強大。 實驗二通過操縱正/負反饋的數(shù)量和正/負反饋的呈現(xiàn)順序,系統(tǒng)考察了正/負反饋信息數(shù)量和呈現(xiàn)順序?qū)Q策信心動態(tài)建構(gòu)的影響及作用機制。結(jié)果表明：(1)在正/負反饋數(shù)量不等的條件下,相比于先前呈現(xiàn)的反饋,最后呈現(xiàn)的相反性質(zhì)的反饋引起的信心變化更大。(2)在正/負反饋數(shù)量相等的條件下,相比于正性反饋,后來出現(xiàn)的負性反饋引起的信心更大。這些結(jié)果說明在決策信心的建構(gòu)中,信息的呈現(xiàn)順序具有重要的作用,不同性質(zhì)的信息會因呈現(xiàn)順序不同而表現(xiàn)出不同的權(quán)重。 實驗三利用靜息態(tài)功能性磁共振技術(shù)(resting-state fMRI)考察了決策信心建構(gòu)過程中,信心水平大小和信心變化程度高低的群組差異的神經(jīng)基礎(chǔ)。由實驗一和實驗二可知,反饋的性質(zhì)、數(shù)量、呈現(xiàn)順序等均能對決策信心的動態(tài)建構(gòu)產(chǎn)生影響,因此實驗三僅通過操縱正性反饋的數(shù)量,考察決策信心動態(tài)建構(gòu)過程中信心水平和變化差異的神經(jīng)基礎(chǔ)。行為結(jié)果表明：盡管個體經(jīng)歷的是相同的反饋,但反饋過程中信心水平的高低和信心的變化程度均存在顯著的差異。靜息態(tài)分析結(jié)果表明：(1)信心變化大的個體,其左側(cè)頂上小葉(L-superior parietal lobule)與前扣帶回(ACC)之間的功能連接強度,以及右側(cè)額葉(R-frontal lobe)的活性強度均顯著大于信心變化小的個體；而左側(cè)頂上小葉(L-superior parietal lobule)與額內(nèi)側(cè)回(Medial Frontal Gyrus)的功能連接強度則顯著小于信心變化小的個體。(2)信心水平低的個體,其左側(cè)頂上小葉(L-superior parietal lobule)與前扣帶回(ACC)的功能連接強度,以及中央前回(Precentral Gyrus)的活性強度均顯著大于信心水平高的個體；而左側(cè)頂上小葉(L-superior parietal lobule)和中央后回(Postcentral Gyrus)的功能連接強度則顯著小于信心水平高的個體。這些結(jié)果說明,決策信心建構(gòu)過程中的差異與個體靜息狀態(tài)下自發(fā)的神經(jīng)活動顯著相關(guān)。決策信心變化程度的差異與決策信心水平的差異均有其特有的神經(jīng)基礎(chǔ),且左側(cè)頂上小葉(L-superior parietal lobule)和前扣帶回(ACC)之間的功能連接則可能是群組間決策信心水平和變化差異共同的神經(jīng)基礎(chǔ)。 綜上所述,本研究從認知加工的角度,發(fā)現(xiàn)了反饋信息的性質(zhì)、不同性質(zhì)信息的數(shù)量和信息累積的時間順序能夠交互的影響決策信心的動態(tài)建構(gòu)。而從神經(jīng)機制的角度,發(fā)現(xiàn)了左側(cè)頂上小葉(L-superior parietal lobule)和前扣帶回(ACC)之間的功能連接則可能是決策信心動態(tài)建構(gòu)過程中群組間決策信心水平和變化差異共同的神經(jīng)基礎(chǔ)。這些結(jié)果不僅加深了對決策信心動態(tài)建構(gòu)過程的認識,更對決策信心動態(tài)變化的群組差異提供了新的解釋,因而具有較高的理論價值,也具有重要的實踐指導(dǎo)意義。
[Abstract]:Decision-making Confidence refers to the degree of the individual's grasp of the optimality or correctness of decision-making or judgment. The decision-making confidence is one of the most basic components in the decision-making process, and it plays an important role in the current or subsequent decision-making. Therefore, the deep research on this field not only has very high scientific value, but also has important practical significance. At present, the research of decision-making confidence is mainly focused on the fields of confidence heuristic, confidence measurement, confidence calibration and cognitive processing mode of confidence assessment. The previous research paradigm is mostly based on the assessment or calibration of single confidence, but in real life, the determination of human decision-making is often a gradual build-up A two-stage dynamic signal detection theory (TDSD) for decision-making confidence construction is presented in this paper. After the decision, the information will continue to accumulate, and the decision-making confidence will change dynamically with the information accumulated before and after the decision-making; the information's nature The time order of the accumulation of quality, quantity and information will make an important reflection on the construction of decision-making confidence In this study, according to the view of TDSD, the influence and mechanism of information and quantity (experiment 1) and the order of presentation (experiment 2) on the dynamic construction of decision-making confidence were investigated from the point of view of cognitive processing. The neural basis of the difference in the confidence-building of decision-making was examined by the resting-state fMRI, using the resting-state fMRI. In this paper, the influence of the nature and quantity of the feedback information on the dynamic construction of decision-making is investigated by manipulating the nature (support and objection) and quantity (degree of consistency) of the feedback information. The results show that: (1) the supportive information combination makes the decision-making confidence increase and the rejection information combination makes the decision-making confidence lower, and the baseline confidence combination is not obvious to the decision-making confidence (2) The higher the level of support/ objection and the greater the change of information; when the degree of support/ objection is medium and high, the change of confidence in the objection information is significantly greater than the support information, showing a 鈥渘egative bias鈥，

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