【摘要】：時(shí)間不同于其他的感覺刺激,人類對(duì)時(shí)間的意識(shí)也不同于其他感覺意識(shí)。許多與時(shí)間及時(shí)間意識(shí)相關(guān)的問題都一直吸引和困擾著哲學(xué)家和心理學(xué)家。其中一個(gè)基本問題是,時(shí)間是看不見、摸不著、稱不到的,那人們是如何對(duì)之進(jìn)行加工的呢?時(shí)間是如何存在于人們的頭腦當(dāng)中的?或者說,人們是如何表征時(shí)間的? 本研究主要關(guān)注的是時(shí)間信息的空間表征現(xiàn)象。時(shí)間是抽象的東西,因此需要借助于其他具體的實(shí)物來進(jìn)行表征,其中空間是最重要的載體之一。近年來時(shí)間在空間中表征的現(xiàn)象被成為“心理時(shí)間線”。其含義具體是,反應(yīng)時(shí)實(shí)驗(yàn)中,在正確率相當(dāng)?shù)那疤嵯?與較晚時(shí)間(或未來)相比,個(gè)體左手對(duì)較早時(shí)間(或過去)的反應(yīng)更快,右手對(duì)較早時(shí)間(或過去)的反應(yīng)更慢。 對(duì)于心理時(shí)間線的機(jī)制問題,當(dāng)前主要的關(guān)注在注意和反應(yīng)編碼之爭上。這兩種看法都得到一些研究的支持,此外還有研究認(rèn)為兩者都參與其中。 關(guān)于心理時(shí)間線形成原因的解釋,相關(guān)的理論有隱喻理論、量值信息理論和具身認(rèn)知理論。隱喻理論強(qiáng)調(diào)人類所使用的語言和隱喻在抽象概念表征中的作用；量值信息理論側(cè)重于數(shù)字、空間和時(shí)間作為量值信息的共同之處；而具身認(rèn)知理論則認(rèn)為具體的身體及心理經(jīng)驗(yàn)在抽象概念形成中起基礎(chǔ)作用。 從時(shí)距信息的角度出發(fā),本研究有兩個(gè)目的：一是驗(yàn)證時(shí)距長短與左右空間及上下空間的相容性效應(yīng)(即左右和上下走向的心理時(shí)間線),這為具身理論的看法提供了一定的支持；另一個(gè)則是考察其可能的認(rèn)知機(jī)制。研究共包括三個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn),實(shí)驗(yàn)1采用長短不同的兩個(gè)聲音為實(shí)驗(yàn)材料,讓被試用左右分布的按鍵分別對(duì)兩個(gè)聲音進(jìn)行反應(yīng)；實(shí)驗(yàn)3將按鍵改為上下分布,除此之外其他均與實(shí)驗(yàn)1相同。實(shí)驗(yàn)2將兩類聲音(長和短)的記憶及判斷任務(wù)與Stroop范式結(jié)合,對(duì)機(jī)制問題進(jìn)行考察。Stroop范式的做法是,讓被試判斷箭頭的指向(左或右),其指向和其所在的位置(左或右)可能一致,也可能沖突。 實(shí)驗(yàn)得出以下結(jié)論： (1)長短不同的聲音與左右空間存在相容性效應(yīng)。被試用雙手對(duì)長短不同的聲音進(jìn)行反應(yīng),相對(duì)于長音,左手對(duì)較短的聲音的反應(yīng)更快；相對(duì)于短音,右手對(duì)較長的聲音反應(yīng)更快。 (2)長短不同的聲音與上下空間之間不存在相容性效應(yīng)。被試用上下分布的按鍵對(duì)長短音進(jìn)行反應(yīng)的反應(yīng)時(shí)沒有差異。以上兩個(gè)結(jié)果更適合用具身理論來解釋。 (3)聽覺時(shí)距信息與左右空間的相容性效應(yīng)的機(jī)制僅存在于反應(yīng)編碼階段。被試的反應(yīng)時(shí)在時(shí)距和箭頭指向之間存在交互效應(yīng),而在時(shí)距長短和箭頭位置不存在交互效應(yīng)。
[Abstract]:Time is different from other sensory stimuli, and human consciousness of time is also different from other sensory consciousness. Many problems related to time and time consciousness have been attracting and puzzling philosophers and psychologists. One of the basic questions is, time is invisible, untouchable, infamous, so how do people process it? How does time exist in people's minds? Or, how do people represent time? This study focuses on the spatial representation of time information. Time is abstract, so it needs to be represented by other concrete objects, in which space is one of the most important carriers. In recent years, the phenomenon of time represented in space has been called "psychological time line". Specifically, in the reaction time experiment, when the accuracy is equal, the reaction of the left hand to the earlier time (or the past) is faster than that of the later time (or the future), and the right hand to the earlier time (or the past) is slower than that of the later time (or future). As to the mechanism of psychological timeline, the main focus is on attention and response coding. Both views are supported by some studies, and others suggest that both are involved. As to the explanation of the reasons for the formation of psychological time line, the relevant theories include metaphor theory, quantitative information theory and physical cognition theory. Metaphorical theory emphasizes the role of human language and metaphor in abstract conceptual representation, and quantitative information theory focuses on the common features of numerals, space and time as quantitive information. The theory of physical cognition holds that physical and psychological experience play a fundamental role in the formation of abstract concepts. From the angle of time distance information, There are two purposes in this study: one is to verify the compatibility effect of the time span with the left and right space and the upper and lower space (that is, the psychological time line of left and right direction), which provides some support for the view of body theory; The other is to examine its possible cognitive mechanism. The study consists of three experiments. In experiment 1, two sounds of different lengths were used as the experimental materials, and the keys distributed to the left and right were used to react to the two sounds respectively; in experiment 3, the keys were changed to the up and down distribution. In addition, all others were identical to experiment 1. Experiment 2 combines the memory and judgment tasks of two types of sound (long and short) with the Stroop paradigm to examine the mechanism. Ask the subjects to determine the direction of the arrow (left or right), which may or may conflict with its location (left or right). The results are as follows: (1) there is a compatibility effect between sound and left and right space. The hands were tested to react to sounds of different lengths, and the left hand responded more quickly to shorter sounds than to long ones; to short sounds, The right hand reacts more quickly to the longer sound. (2) there is no compatibility between the different length of sound and the upper and lower space. There was no difference in the response time to the short or short tone by using the up and down distribution of keys. The above two results are more suitable to be explained by the appliance body theory. (3) the mechanism of the compatibility effect between auditory time-distance information and left and right space exists only in the stage of response coding. There was interaction between the reaction time and the arrow pointing, but there was no interaction between the length of time and the arrow position.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：B842.1

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