本文選題：表征動(dòng)量 + 移位　； 參考：《清華大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：表征動(dòng)量指觀察者對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng)物體最終位置的記憶沿物體運(yùn)動(dòng)方向發(fā)生的前移。前人研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，自然對(duì)象前進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)的前移量大于倒退運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí)的前移量，表現(xiàn)出典型運(yùn)動(dòng)效應(yīng)，但典型運(yùn)動(dòng)效應(yīng)發(fā)生的原因，已有研究存在爭(zhēng)議、沒(méi)有明確答案。 本研究系統(tǒng)探討了熟悉物體的典型運(yùn)動(dòng)效應(yīng)及其原因。研究一（實(shí)驗(yàn)1-3）對(duì)熟悉物體的表征動(dòng)量及典型運(yùn)動(dòng)效應(yīng)進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證。結(jié)果表明，前進(jìn)運(yùn)動(dòng)的物體存在表征動(dòng)量（實(shí)驗(yàn)1）；倒退運(yùn)動(dòng)的物體存在表征動(dòng)量，但動(dòng)物的前移量小于物理刺激的前移量（實(shí)驗(yàn)2）。實(shí)驗(yàn)3重復(fù)驗(yàn)證了典型運(yùn)動(dòng)效應(yīng)。研究二至四分別探索典型運(yùn)動(dòng)效應(yīng)的可能原因：速度、朝向和指向。研究二（實(shí)驗(yàn)4-8）著重探討速度原因。刺激對(duì)象的實(shí)際運(yùn)動(dòng)速度影響表征動(dòng)量（實(shí)驗(yàn)4）。盡管汽車和自行車的前移量無(wú)差異（實(shí)驗(yàn)5），但奔跑人的前移量大于站立人的前移量（實(shí)驗(yàn)6），且這一差異并非由水平視角造成（實(shí)驗(yàn)7）。排除視覺(jué)原型性的影響，快慢語(yǔ)義不影響前移量（實(shí)驗(yàn)8）。研究二表明：在有效啟動(dòng)速度概念的條件下，熟悉物體的速度知識(shí)影響表征動(dòng)量，但需要以物體的視覺(jué)特征為媒介。研究三（實(shí)驗(yàn)9-12）使用對(duì)稱圖形著重探討朝向原因。實(shí)驗(yàn)9表明刺猬正向運(yùn)動(dòng)的前移量大于倒向運(yùn)動(dòng)的前移量，，但朝向效應(yīng)只作用于水平向右方向，即倒向且水平向右運(yùn)動(dòng)的表征動(dòng)量消失；實(shí)驗(yàn)10和實(shí)驗(yàn)11分別使用抽象的對(duì)稱圖形和pacman圖形為實(shí)驗(yàn)材料，得到了與實(shí)驗(yàn)9一致的觀察；實(shí)驗(yàn)12探討垂直運(yùn)動(dòng)，結(jié)果表明朝向效應(yīng)只作用于垂直向下方向。研究三表明：朝向影響表征動(dòng)量，但只作用于水平向右和垂直向下方向，前者可能和閱讀習(xí)慣有關(guān)，后者可能和重力作用有關(guān)。研究四（實(shí)驗(yàn)13-14）著重探討指向原因。結(jié)果表明，三角形運(yùn)動(dòng)方向與其頂角指向相同時(shí)的前移量大于不同時(shí)的前移量（實(shí)驗(yàn)13）；在保持朝向和指向不變時(shí)，熟悉物體的倒置狀態(tài)不影響表征動(dòng)量（實(shí)驗(yàn)14）。研究四表明：指向影響表征動(dòng)量。 綜上所述，熟悉物體前進(jìn)的前移量大于倒退的前移量，表現(xiàn)出典型運(yùn)動(dòng)效應(yīng)，同時(shí)這一效應(yīng)的根源是朝向效應(yīng)和指向效應(yīng)。相比于指向效應(yīng)，朝向效應(yīng)可能是更一般和更主要的原因。朝向效應(yīng)的存在說(shuō)明表征動(dòng)量具有認(rèn)知可滲透性。
[Abstract]:Momentum refers to the forward movement of the observer's memory of the final position of a moving object along the moving direction of the object. Previous studies have found that the amount of forward movement of natural objects is larger than that of retrogressive motion, showing typical motion effect, but the cause of typical motion effect has been controversial and there is no clear answer. This study systematically discusses the typical motion effects of familiar objects and their causes. Study I (experiment 1-3) verifies the characterization of momentum and typical motion effects of familiar objects. The results show that there is a token momentum in the body moving forward (experiment 1), but the amount of forward movement of the animal is smaller than that of the physical stimulus (experiment 2). Experiment 3 repeatedly verifies the typical motion effect. Two to four studies explore the possible causes of typical motion effects: velocity, orientation and direction. Study 2 (experiment 4-8) focuses on the causes of speed. The actual motion velocity of the stimulator has an effect on the characterization of momentum (experiment 4). Although there was no difference in the amount of forward movement between the car and the bicycle (experiment 5), the amount of forward movement of the runner was larger than that of the standing person (experiment 6), and the difference was not caused by the horizontal angle (experiment 7). Excluding visual prototyping, fast and slow semantics do not affect the amount of forward movement (experiment 8). The second study shows that under the condition of effective starting velocity concept, familiarity with the knowledge of the velocity of the object influences the representation of momentum, but it needs to be mediated by the visual characteristics of the object. Study 3 (experiment 9-12) uses symmetrical graphics to focus on the cause of orientation. Experiment 9 showed that the forward movement of hedgehog was larger than that of backward movement, but the orientation effect only affected the horizontal direction to the right, that is, the momentum of the backward and horizontal movement was disappeared. Experiments 10 and 11 respectively use abstract symmetric and pacman patterns as experimental materials to obtain the observation consistent with experiment 9. Experiment 12 discusses vertical motion and the results show that the orientation effect acts only in the vertical downward direction. The third study shows that orientation affects momentum, but only in horizontal right and vertical downwards. The former may be related to reading habits, while the latter may be related to gravity. The fourth study (experiment 13-14) focuses on the directed reasons. The results show that when the direction of the triangle motion is the same as its vertex direction, the amount of forward movement is larger than that of the different time (experiment 13); while the orientation and direction of the familiar object are not changed, the inverted state of familiar object does not affect the token momentum (experiment 14). The fourth study shows that the direction effect characterizes momentum. To sum up, the moving forward of familiar objects is larger than that of retrogression, showing the typical motion effect, and the root of this effect is the orientation effect and the directional effect. Orientation effect may be a more general and main cause than directed effect. The existence of orientation effect indicates that momentum is characterized by cognitive permeability.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：清華大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：B842

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