本文選題：拋球游戲 + 社會(huì)排斥　； 參考：《西南大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：渴望被某個(gè)社會(huì)團(tuán)體所接納,維持一種積極、穩(wěn)定、長(zhǎng)久的社會(huì)關(guān)系,是人類最普遍、最基本的需要之一。破壞個(gè)人的歸屬需要會(huì)對(duì)個(gè)體的認(rèn)知、情緒、行為產(chǎn)生重大影響,還會(huì)嚴(yán)重危害個(gè)體的身體和心理健康,而且大量研究表明社會(huì)排斥引起的心理疼痛跟生理疼痛所激活的腦區(qū)是一致的。社會(huì)排斥是生活中非常常見的一種社會(huì)現(xiàn)場(chǎng),每個(gè)人或多或少都有被他人或某一社會(huì)團(tuán)體所排斥的經(jīng)歷,加上社會(huì)排斥對(duì)我們心理和行為的重大影響,這一領(lǐng)域值得我們投入更多的精力去探討它背后的影響機(jī)制。 鑒于社會(huì)歸屬的重要性,我們認(rèn)為個(gè)體在被排斥后,會(huì)有兩種認(rèn)知表現(xiàn)：1.相對(duì)于社會(huì)接納,社會(huì)排斥會(huì)增加對(duì)威脅信號(hào)如憤怒面孔的警覺。因?yàn)樵庥雠懦夂?為防止再次被他人排斥或拒絕,排斥個(gè)體會(huì)對(duì)環(huán)境中的拒絕或者排斥信息更為敏感。基于此,排斥個(gè)體會(huì)對(duì)暗示和傳達(dá)了拒絕信息的憤怒面孔投入更多注意資源,反應(yīng)更快；2.社會(huì)歸屬需要是人類的一種基本需要,因此在遭遇排斥后,個(gè)體也可能會(huì)將更多注意資源投注在那些傳達(dá)友善信息,能夠滿足歸屬需要的社會(huì)線索上(如高興面孔)。事實(shí)上,排斥個(gè)體的認(rèn)知資源掙扎于究竟是更多的關(guān)注社會(huì)接納信息還是警覺其它的拒絕信息以防再次被排斥。個(gè)體的注意資源是有限的,人們會(huì)優(yōu)先將有限的注意資源分配給環(huán)境中那些跟我們適應(yīng)生存密切相關(guān)的刺激。鑒于排斥個(gè)體強(qiáng)烈渴望歸屬于某個(gè)團(tuán)體或被他人接納。因此,我們認(rèn)為排斥個(gè)體會(huì)對(duì)傳遞友善社交意圖的社會(huì)接納信息(高興面孔)更為敏感。 返回抑制(inhibition of return, IOR)是指對(duì)原先注意過(guò)的物體或位置進(jìn)行反應(yīng)時(shí)所表現(xiàn)出的滯后現(xiàn)象。抑制能夠阻止注意返回到先前注意過(guò)的位置,促使注意指向視野中尚未搜索過(guò)的新位置,從而有利于提高視覺搜索效率。在這里,我們假設(shè)社會(huì)排斥會(huì)改變排斥個(gè)體對(duì)憤怒面孔的返回抑制,因?yàn)榭释麣w屬的需要會(huì)促使社會(huì)排斥個(gè)體對(duì)蘊(yùn)含社會(huì)接納的信息更為敏感,出現(xiàn)對(duì)高興面孔的返回抑制。社會(huì)接納組沒有強(qiáng)烈的歸屬動(dòng)機(jī),因而不會(huì)增加對(duì)社會(huì)接納信息的敏感性,不會(huì)出現(xiàn)對(duì)高興面孔的返回抑制。目前還沒有研究探討過(guò)排斥個(gè)體對(duì)接納信息的敏感性是否會(huì)促使其產(chǎn)生返回抑制。 研究一以面孔圖片(高興、憤怒和中性面孔)為實(shí)驗(yàn)材料,采用拋球游戲操作排斥反應(yīng),并結(jié)合點(diǎn)探測(cè)實(shí)驗(yàn)范式通過(guò)兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)探討了社會(huì)排斥個(gè)體對(duì)社會(huì)接納信息(高興面孔)是否更為敏感,以及排斥個(gè)體對(duì)高興面孔是否存在返回抑制。研究一第一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中對(duì)社會(huì)接納信息(高興面孔)進(jìn)行2(組別：排斥組vs接納組)×2(位置：同側(cè)vs異側(cè))的重復(fù)測(cè)量方差分析。結(jié)果顯示,位置主效應(yīng)顯著F(1,39)=4.48,p=0.41,位置和組別的交互作用顯著F(1,39)=7.49,p=0.009。對(duì)社會(huì)拒絕信息(憤怒面孔)進(jìn)行2(組別：排斥組vs接納組)×2(位置：同側(cè)vs異側(cè))的重復(fù)測(cè)量方差分析結(jié)果顯示,位置與組別交互作用不顯著,F(1,39)=0.011,p=0.917。表明社會(huì)排斥組對(duì)高興面孔存在注意加工偏向,對(duì)社會(huì)接納信息更為敏感,而對(duì)社會(huì)拒絕信息不存在加工偏向；社會(huì)接納組同正常被試一樣對(duì)憤怒面孔更為敏感,對(duì)憤怒面孔存在加工偏向而對(duì)高興面孔不敏感。實(shí)驗(yàn)一初步驗(yàn)證了排斥個(gè)體對(duì)接納信息的敏感性,實(shí)驗(yàn)二進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證排斥個(gè)體對(duì)接納信息的敏感性是否促使其產(chǎn)生對(duì)接納信息的返回抑制。實(shí)驗(yàn)二中對(duì)社會(huì)接納信息(高興面孔)進(jìn)行2(組別：排斥組vs接納組)×2(位置：同側(cè)vs異側(cè))的重復(fù)測(cè)量方差分析。結(jié)果顯示,位置主效應(yīng)顯著,F(1,30)=23.24,P=0.00,位置跟組別交互作用顯著,F(1,30)=18.73,P=0.00。對(duì)社會(huì)拒絕信息(憤怒面孔)進(jìn)行2(組別：排斥組vs接納組)×2(位置：同側(cè)vs異側(cè))的重復(fù)測(cè)量方差分析,結(jié)果顯示,位置和組別交互作用不顯著,F(1,30)=0.77,p=0.39。表明社會(huì)排斥組只對(duì)高興面孔存在返回抑制,而對(duì)憤怒面孔不存在返回抑制,說(shuō)明社會(huì)排斥對(duì)個(gè)體的注意機(jī)制產(chǎn)生了如此深的影響以至于渴望歸屬的動(dòng)機(jī)戰(zhàn)勝了避免再次被拒絕的動(dòng)機(jī),而促使排斥個(gè)體對(duì)接納信息更為敏感而對(duì)其產(chǎn)生返回抑制；社會(huì)接納組只對(duì)憤怒面孔產(chǎn)生返回抑制。我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)驗(yàn)證了我們的假設(shè),社會(huì)排斥增強(qiáng)了對(duì)社會(huì)接納信息的敏感,渴望歸屬的動(dòng)機(jī)甚至影響了其注意機(jī)制,使其產(chǎn)生對(duì)接納信息的返回抑制�；谘芯恳坏慕Y(jié)果,研究二在研究一的基礎(chǔ)上進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證社會(huì)排斥個(gè)體對(duì)社會(huì)接納信息(高興面孔)的渴望可能源于高興面孔所蘊(yùn)含的友好的社交信息能夠降低排斥個(gè)體的“心理疼痛”。以情緒面孔為啟動(dòng)材料來(lái)探索情緒面孔對(duì)排斥個(gè)體疼痛評(píng)估的影響。結(jié)果顯示相對(duì)于中性情緒面孔,憤怒面孔增加了排斥個(gè)體對(duì)疼痛強(qiáng)度的評(píng)估,即攜帶社會(huì)拒絕的威脅性信息加劇了社會(huì)排斥所產(chǎn)生的“心理疼痛”。而在高興面孔啟動(dòng)條件下,社會(huì)排斥組對(duì)疼痛強(qiáng)度的評(píng)估顯著小于憤怒面孔和中性面孔,說(shuō)明高興面孔所蘊(yùn)含的社會(huì)接納信息降低了社會(huì)排斥誘發(fā)的“心理疼痛”。 總的來(lái)說(shuō),社會(huì)排斥增強(qiáng)了對(duì)社會(huì)接納信息的敏感,渴望歸屬的動(dòng)機(jī)甚至影響了其注意機(jī)制,使其產(chǎn)生對(duì)接納信息的返回抑制,且社會(huì)排斥個(gè)體對(duì)社會(huì)接納信息的注意加工偏向可能源于社會(huì)接納信息能夠降低社會(huì)排斥所造成的“心理疼痛”。
[Abstract]:The desire to be accepted by a social group and to maintain a positive, stable and long-term social relationship is one of the most common and basic needs of human beings. The destruction of individual ownership needs a significant impact on individual cognition, emotion, behavior, and the physical and mental health of the individual, and a large number of studies indicate social exclusion. Psychological pain is consistent with the brain area activated by physical pain. Social exclusion is a very common social scene in life. Everyone has more or less experience of being rejected by others or a social group, plus the significant impact of social exclusion on our psychology and behavior, which is worth more precision in the field. Try to explore the mechanism behind it.
In view of the importance of social belonging, we believe that individuals will have two cognitive performances after being excluded: 1. relative to social acceptance, social exclusion increases the vigilance of threat signals such as angry faces. After exclusion, to prevent repulsion or rejection of others, exclusion or rejection of the environment is more important for rejection or rejection of information. Sensitivities. Based on this, rejecting an experience to imply and convey an angry face of refusal information put more attention into the resource, and reacts faster; 2. the need for social ownership is a basic human need, so in the case of exclusion, the individual may also put more attention to the society that conveys friendly information to meet the needs of the society. In fact, the cognitive resources that exclude individuals struggle to pay more attention to social acceptance information or to be alert to other rejection information to prevent re exclusion. The individual's attention resources are limited, and people will prioritize the limited attention resources to those in the environment that are closely related to us to survive. In view of the strong desire of the excluded individuals to belong to a group or to be accepted by others, we think the exclusion of individuals is more sensitive to social acceptance information (happy faces) that convey friendly social intentions.
Inhibition of return (IOR) is a lagging phenomenon shown in the response to a previously noticed object or position. Inhibition can prevent attention from returning to the previously noticed position, prompting attention to a new position that has not been searched in the field of vision, which is conducive to improving the efficiency of visual search. Here, we assume Social exclusion will change the rejection of an individual's return to an angry face, because the need for ascription will cause social exclusion to be more sensitive to the information contained in social acceptance, and to suppress the return of a happy face. The social acceptance group does not have a strong attribution motivation, and therefore does not increase the sensitivity of the social acceptance information. There is no inhibition of return to happy faces. At present, no research has been conducted to explore whether the sensitivity of rejection individuals to information reception will induce their inhibition of return.
In this study, a face picture (happy, angry and neutral face) was used as an experimental material, using a throw ball game to operate rejection, and a combination of point detection experimental paradigms to explore whether social exclusion individuals were more sensitive to social acceptance information (happy faces) by two experiments, and the rejection of individuals to repress the existence of happy faces. In the first experiment, in the first experiment, the social acceptance information (happy face) was carried out by 2 (Group: rejection group vs admission group) x 2 (position: the same side vs different sides) repeated measurement variance analysis. The results showed that the main effect of the position main effect was F (1,39) =4.48, p=0.41, the interaction between the position and the group significantly F (1,39) =7.49, p=0.009. for social rejection information (angry face). The repeated measurement of variance analysis of 2 (Group: rejection group vs admission group) x 2 (position: the same side vs) showed that the interaction between the position and the group was not significant. F (1,39) =0.011, p=0.917. showed that the social exclusion group was more sensitive to the happy face, more sensitive to the social acceptance information, and the social rejection information did not exist. The social acceptance group, like the normal subjects, is more sensitive to the angry face, processing the angry face and insensitive to the happy face. Experiment 1 preliminarily verifies the sensitivity of the rejected individual to the reception information. Experiment two further verifies whether the sensitivity of the excluded individual to admission information makes it produce acceptance information. Return inhibition. In Experiment 2, the social acceptance information (happy face) was carried out by 2 (Group: rejection group vs admission group) x 2 (position: same side vs side) repeated measurement variance analysis. The results showed that the main effect was significant, F (1,30) =23.24, P=0.00, F (1,30) =18.73, P=0.00. to social rejection information (anger face). A repeated measurement of variance analysis of 2 (Group: rejection group vs admission group) x 2 (position: isalateral VS), the results showed that the interaction between the position and the group was not significant, F (1,30) =0.77, p=0.39. showed that the social rejection group only repressed the existence of happy faces, and the anger face was not repressed, indicating the social exclusion to the individual. The intention mechanism has such a deep influence that the motive of the desire for ascription has conquered the motivation to avoid being rejected again, and prompted the rejection of the individual to be more sensitive to the acceptance of information and to repress it, and the social acceptance group only repressed the angry face. Our experiment verified our hypothesis that social exclusion was enhanced. It is sensitive to the acceptance of information in society, and the motivation of desire for belonging has even influenced its attention mechanism to suppress the return of acceptance information. Based on the results of research one, research two further verifies that the desire of social exclusion individuals for social acceptance information (happy faces) can be derived from the happy face on the basis of research one. Friendly social information can reduce "psychological pain" that excludes individuals. Emotional faces are used as starting materials to explore the impact of emotional faces on the assessment of individual pain. The "psychological pain" produced by social exclusion, and under the condition of happy face initiation, the assessment of the intensity of pain in the social exclusion group is significantly less than the angry face and the neutral face, indicating that the social acceptance information contained in the happy face reduces the "psychological pain" induced by social exclusion.
In general, social exclusion increases the sensitivity of social acceptance to information, and the motivation of desire for belonging has even affected the mechanism of attention, which makes it inhibit the return of acceptance information, and the social exclusion of social rejection of the individual's attention to social acceptance information may be derived from social acceptance information can reduce the "psychology" caused by social exclusion. Pain.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：B842

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