本文選題：任務轉(zhuǎn)換 + 選擇/無選法　； 參考：《山東師范大學》2016年碩士論文

【摘要】：策略運用水平是認知靈活性的重要標志。近年來,算術策略運用逐漸成為數(shù)學認知發(fā)展研究的熱點。大量研究聚焦于兒童加減法的策略運用能力,結(jié)果顯示兒童和成人一樣,都能夠根據(jù)任務特征和所掌握的不同策略靈活運用多種策略解決算術任務。Miyake等人使用潛變量分析技術區(qū)分了抑制控制、轉(zhuǎn)換和刷新三種執(zhí)行功能,自此越來越多的研究者開始對中央執(zhí)行功能成分對策略運用的影響感興趣。任務轉(zhuǎn)換作為中央執(zhí)行功能的重要方面,也是人類認知加工的基本現(xiàn)象,其對算術策略運用的影響有待進行深入研究。采用選擇/無選法,前人研究發(fā)現(xiàn)兒童的心算和估算策略選擇能力均隨年齡增長而增強。因此考察不同年齡組兒童在不同轉(zhuǎn)換條件下完成算術任務的具體策略運用表現(xiàn),有助于進一步揭示任務轉(zhuǎn)換影響算術策略運用行為的年齡相關模式。本研究采用選擇/無選法,在無轉(zhuǎn)換基礎上,通過設置數(shù)值大小比較和顏色深淺比較兩種轉(zhuǎn)換條件,構(gòu)成三種任務情境,結(jié)合兩種算術計算任務(加法心算和估算),探討了任務轉(zhuǎn)換對不同年級組小學兒童算術策略運用的潛在影響,揭示了任務轉(zhuǎn)換影響算術策略運用行為的年齡相關差異。主要結(jié)果如下:(1)隨著年齡增長,兒童算術策略運用的總體表現(xiàn)呈上升趨勢,六年級優(yōu)于四年級,四年級優(yōu)于二年級。(2)任務轉(zhuǎn)換影響小學兒童的心算策略分布,但不影響估算策略分布。(3)任務轉(zhuǎn)換影響小學兒童的心算策略執(zhí)行,且這種影響存在年齡差異。個體在無轉(zhuǎn)換條件下策略執(zhí)行的表現(xiàn)優(yōu)于有轉(zhuǎn)換條件,兩種轉(zhuǎn)換條件下的表現(xiàn)無差異。在策略執(zhí)行的反應時上,三種情境下均表現(xiàn)為六年級策略執(zhí)行速度最快,其次是四年級,最后是二年級。但在正確率上,無轉(zhuǎn)換條件下,三個年級組被試間沒有明顯差異,有轉(zhuǎn)換條件下,二年級兒童心算策略執(zhí)行的正確率顯著低于四、六年級,四、六年級之間無顯著差異。(4)任務轉(zhuǎn)換影響小學兒童的估算策略執(zhí)行,且這種影響存在年齡差異。個體在無轉(zhuǎn)換條件下策略執(zhí)行的表現(xiàn)優(yōu)于有轉(zhuǎn)換條件,數(shù)值大小比較條件下個體策略執(zhí)行的反應時慢于顏色深淺比較條件,在正確率上卻優(yōu)于顏色深淺比較。年齡差異上,不同轉(zhuǎn)換條件下,三個年級組之間估算策略執(zhí)行的速度隨年齡增長而提高,六年級策略執(zhí)行的正確率顯著高于二、四年級,二、四年級之間無明顯差異。(5)心算任務中,任務轉(zhuǎn)換影響個體執(zhí)行全部分解策略的反應時,有轉(zhuǎn)換條件下策略執(zhí)行的反應時顯著高于無轉(zhuǎn)換條件;任務轉(zhuǎn)換影響個體執(zhí)行部分分解策略的正確率,無轉(zhuǎn)換條件下策略執(zhí)行的正確率顯著高于顏色深淺比較條件,但與數(shù)值大小比較條件下的正確率無明顯差異。(6)估算任務中,三種不同情境下,個體執(zhí)行上調(diào)策略的速度均慢于下調(diào)策略;無轉(zhuǎn)換條件下,個體執(zhí)行兩種策略的正確率彼此相當,而在轉(zhuǎn)換條件下,個體執(zhí)行下調(diào)策略的正確率顯著高于上調(diào)策略。此外,任務轉(zhuǎn)換對不同策略間策略執(zhí)行的影響還存在年齡差異。在無轉(zhuǎn)換條件下,六年級組被試執(zhí)行兩種策略的正確率均優(yōu)于二年級,四、六年級無差異;顏色深淺比較條件下,六年級被試執(zhí)行兩種策略的正確率顯著優(yōu)于二、四年級,二、四年級無差異;而在數(shù)值大小比較條件下,年級差異只出現(xiàn)在執(zhí)行上調(diào)策略時,表現(xiàn)為六年級策略執(zhí)行的正確率顯著優(yōu)于四年級,四年級優(yōu)于二年級。(7)任務轉(zhuǎn)換影響個體心算策略選擇的反應時,有選條件下個體進行策略選擇的反應時顯著高于無選條件,且這種影響存在年齡差異,二年級組在數(shù)值大小比較條件下完成心算任務的反應時顯著高于無轉(zhuǎn)換條件,四、六年級在有無轉(zhuǎn)換條件下完成心算任務的反應時沒有明顯差別。(8)任務轉(zhuǎn)換影響個體心算策略選擇的正確率,在無轉(zhuǎn)換條件下進行心算策略選擇的正確率顯著高于顏色深淺比較條件,但與數(shù)值大小比較條件下的表現(xiàn)沒有顯著差異。其影響無年齡差異。(9)任務轉(zhuǎn)換影響個體估算策略選擇的反應時和正確率,不存在明顯的年齡差異。(10)不同年級組被試心算和估算策略選擇適應性不會隨任務轉(zhuǎn)換發(fā)生變化。
[Abstract]:The application level of strategy is an important symbol of cognitive flexibility. In recent years, the application of arithmetic strategy has gradually become a hot spot in the research of mathematical cognitive development. A lot of studies focus on the ability of strategy application in children's addition and subtraction. The results show that children and adults, like adults, can use various strategies flexibly according to the characteristics of the task and the different strategies they have mastered. .Miyake and others use the technique of latent variable analysis to distinguish control, transform and refresh three kinds of executive functions. Since then, more and more researchers are interested in the effect of the central executive functional components on the application of the strategy. It is necessary to study the influence of the arithmetic strategy on the use of the selection / no selection method. The previous study found that the ability of the children's mental calculation and the selection of the estimation strategy increased with the age. Therefore, it is helpful to explore the physical strategy application of the children in different age groups to complete the arithmetic task under different conversion conditions. The task conversion affects the age related model of the arithmetic strategy using behavior. In this study, two kinds of task situations are made up of three kinds of task situations by setting the comparison of numerical size and color depth on the basis of no conversion, and combining the two kinds of arithmetic tasks (addition mental arithmetic and estimation) on the basis of no conversion. The potential impact of the arithmetic strategies of primary school children in grade group revealed the age related differences in the effect of task switching on the use of arithmetic strategies. The main results are as follows: (1) as the age increases, the overall performance of children's arithmetic strategies is on the rise, grade six is better than grade four, and grade four is better than grade two. (2) task conversion has little influence. The distribution of mental arithmetic strategies of children does not affect the distribution of estimation strategies. (3) task conversion affects the implementation of mental arithmetic strategy of primary school children, and there is a difference of age. The performance of strategy execution under the condition of non conversion is better than that of the conversion condition, and there is no difference in the performance under the two conversion conditions. In the reaction time of the strategy execution, three kinds In the situation, the strategy execution speed was the fastest in grade six, followed by grade four and finally in grade two. But on the correct rate, there was no significant difference between the three grade groups under the condition of no conversion. Under the condition of conversion, the correct rate of the implementation of mental arithmetic in two grade children was lower than four, and there was no significant difference between grade six, four, six grade. (4) the task conversion affects the implementation of primary school children's estimation strategy, and the effect exists in the age difference. The performance of the individual strategy execution under the condition of no conversion is better than that of the conversion condition. The response of individual strategy execution is slower than the color depth comparison condition under the condition of numerical size comparison, but in the correct rate it is better than the color depth comparison. Under different conversion conditions, the speed of the implementation of the estimated strategy between the three grades increased with age, and the correct rate of strategy execution in grade six was significantly higher than two, and there was no significant difference between grade four, two and four. (5) in the task of mental arithmetic, the task conversion affected the response of the body to carry out all the decomposition strategies. The response of a slightly executed response is significantly higher than the non conversion condition; the task conversion affects the correct rate of the individual implementation of the partial decomposition strategy. The correct rate of the strategy execution under the condition of non conversion is significantly higher than the color depth comparison condition, but there is no obvious difference in the correct rate under the condition of comparison with the value. (6) in the three different situations, the individual is in the estimation task. The speed of implementing the up-regulated strategy is slower than the downregulation strategy; under the condition of non conversion, the correct rate of the two strategies is equal to each other, while under the condition of conversion, the correct rate of the individual execution downregulation strategy is significantly higher than that of the up-regulated strategy. In the grade six group, the correct rate of the two strategies was better than grade two, four and six. Under the condition of color comparison, the correct rate of the two strategies performed in grade six was significantly better than two, four grade, two, four grade, while the grade difference appeared only when the value and size ratio was up to the up-regulation strategy. The correct rate of strategy execution in grade six is obviously better than grade four and grade four is superior to grade two. (7) when task conversion affects the response of individual mental arithmetic, the response of individual to strategy selection is significantly higher than that of non selection conditions, and this effect has a year old difference, and the two grade group is finished under the condition of numerical comparison. The response of adult mental arithmetic task was significantly higher than that of non conversion condition. There was no significant difference between grade four and grade six when there were no conversion conditions to complete the task of mental arithmetic. (8) task conversion affects the correct rate of the choice of individual mental arithmetic, and the correct rate of the choice of mental arithmetic under the condition of no conversion is significantly higher than that of the color depth comparison condition, but it is better than the color depth condition. There is no significant difference in the performance under the comparison of numerical values. (9) there is no obvious age difference in the response time and the correct rate of the task conversion affecting the individual estimation strategy selection. (10) the adaptability of the subjects in the different grade groups will not change with the task conversion.

【學位授予單位】：山東師范大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：B842
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本文編號：1866002