本文選題：任務(wù)優(yōu)勢度 + 任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換�。� 參考：《西南大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換是個體按照情境線索,從一種任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)向另一種任務(wù)的轉(zhuǎn)換加工過程。任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換體現(xiàn)了個體認(rèn)知靈活性,是我們生存和適應(yīng)社會的重要能力。但是個體如何在任務(wù)之間發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)換,什么因素會影響個體的任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換過程?任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換研究有利于我們更好地理解人類的這種認(rèn)知靈活性和目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向行為。在實(shí)驗(yàn)室中,常常采用任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換范式(task switching paradigm)來研究任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換背后的心理機(jī)制。任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換范式要求被試按照實(shí)驗(yàn)要求執(zhí)行任務(wù),如果當(dāng)前試次和先前試次的任務(wù)類型一致,我們稱當(dāng)前試次為“任務(wù)重復(fù)”,如果不一致,我們稱之為“任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換”。眾多研究發(fā)現(xiàn)相比重復(fù)任務(wù),個體執(zhí)行轉(zhuǎn)換任務(wù)的反應(yīng)時更長、正確率更低,研究者將兩者之間的差異稱為轉(zhuǎn)換代價(switch cost)。任務(wù)優(yōu)勢度是指任務(wù)自動化加工水平的高低,通常表現(xiàn)為任務(wù)間干擾的不對稱性。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)換代價受任務(wù)優(yōu)勢度的調(diào)節(jié),即劣勢任務(wù)的轉(zhuǎn)換代價顯著小于優(yōu)勢任務(wù)的轉(zhuǎn)換代價,也稱不對稱轉(zhuǎn)換代價(asymmetric switch cost)。Allport最早提出任務(wù)設(shè)置慣性理論來解釋此現(xiàn)象,認(rèn)為不對稱轉(zhuǎn)換代價源于先前試次的持續(xù)性抑制作用。但是目前不少研究發(fā)現(xiàn)操縱一些變量,如改變?nèi)蝿?wù)類型,降低任務(wù)間的干擾量等,會出現(xiàn)不對稱轉(zhuǎn)換代價的減小、甚至反轉(zhuǎn)。因此目前對于任務(wù)優(yōu)勢度影響任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換的內(nèi)在機(jī)制還存在爭議,爭議的焦點(diǎn)主要在于不對稱轉(zhuǎn)換代價是否由先前任務(wù)設(shè)置的負(fù)啟動效應(yīng)(抑制過程)導(dǎo)致,是否還涉及其他認(rèn)知控制過程?n-2任務(wù)重復(fù)代價(n-2 task repetition cost)是任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換中抑制過程的直接證據(jù),所以本研究基于第n-2個試次的任務(wù)類型將任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換(如任務(wù)序列AB)分為交替任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換(第n-2個試次與第n個試次任務(wù)類型相同,BAB)和單任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換(第n-2個試次的任務(wù)類型與第n個試次任務(wù)類型不同,AAB),其中交替轉(zhuǎn)換(BAB)是啟動先前被抑制的任務(wù)設(shè)置(克服先前任務(wù)設(shè)置的負(fù)啟動效應(yīng)),代表任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換的抑制過程,單轉(zhuǎn)換(AAB)是啟動一個未被抑制的任務(wù)設(shè)置(重構(gòu)過程),代表任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換的非抑制過程。本研究試圖分離任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換的抑制過程和非抑制過程,分別分析兩者在不對稱任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換中的作用。此外我們還借助空間分辨率較高的功能性磁共振(functional magnetic resonance imaging,f MRI)技術(shù),力求從行為和腦機(jī)制角度深入探索任務(wù)優(yōu)勢度影響任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換的認(rèn)知神經(jīng)機(jī)制。本研究包括三部分:實(shí)驗(yàn)1主要驗(yàn)證變式stroop刺激的顏色任務(wù)和文字任務(wù)是否是一對具有不同任務(wù)優(yōu)勢度的任務(wù)。通過分析任務(wù)類型(顏色辨別任務(wù)、文字判斷任務(wù))和試次一致性的交互作用,檢驗(yàn)顏色辨別任務(wù)和文字判斷任務(wù)是不是表現(xiàn)任務(wù)干擾的不對稱性?結(jié)果表明,顏色辨別任務(wù)和文字判斷任務(wù)均存在顯著的一致性效應(yīng),且顏色辨別任務(wù)的一致性效應(yīng)顯著大于文字判斷任務(wù)的一致性效應(yīng),在這里我們可以稱顏色辨別任務(wù)為劣勢任務(wù),文字判斷任務(wù)為優(yōu)勢任務(wù)�；趯�(shí)驗(yàn)1,實(shí)驗(yàn)2采用color-word stroop刺激和線索任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換范式相結(jié)合的方法,探究任務(wù)優(yōu)勢度對轉(zhuǎn)換代價的調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng),并通過分離任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換的單轉(zhuǎn)換和交替轉(zhuǎn)換過程,考察這兩個過程分別在不對稱任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換中的作用。行為結(jié)果表明,雖然整體上文字任務(wù)的轉(zhuǎn)換代價顯著大于顏色任務(wù)的轉(zhuǎn)換代價,進(jìn)一步分析轉(zhuǎn)換代價的成分發(fā)現(xiàn),文字任務(wù)的交替轉(zhuǎn)換代價顯著大于顏色任務(wù)的交替轉(zhuǎn)換代價,而顏色任務(wù)的單轉(zhuǎn)換代價顯著大于文字任務(wù)的單轉(zhuǎn)換代價。實(shí)驗(yàn)3采用f MRI技術(shù),驗(yàn)證了實(shí)驗(yàn)2的行為結(jié)果,同時腦成像結(jié)果表明:與任務(wù)重復(fù)相比,相比交替任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換顯著激活外側(cè)前額葉皮質(zhì)(lateral prefrontal cortex,LPFC)、前扣帶回(anterior cingulate cortex,ACC)和左側(cè)顳下回(inferior temporal gyrus:ITG),說明這些腦區(qū)參與了任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換的抑制控制過程;而單任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換過程并沒有顯著激活,說明執(zhí)行控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)(雙側(cè)額下回bilateral inferior frontal cortex:IFG,左側(cè)頂下小葉left inferior parietal cortex:IPL,雙側(cè)顳中回bilateral middle temporal gyrus:MTG)具有基于領(lǐng)域的沖突適應(yīng)性,轉(zhuǎn)換到新任務(wù)設(shè)置可能使執(zhí)行控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)暫時“癱瘓”而導(dǎo)致行為反應(yīng)變慢。當(dāng)進(jìn)一步考慮不同任務(wù)類型的任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換效應(yīng)時,發(fā)現(xiàn)文字任務(wù)的交替轉(zhuǎn)換過程在海馬旁回(parahippocampal gyrus)出現(xiàn)激活降低,在殼核(putamen)出現(xiàn)明顯激活,文字任務(wù)的交替轉(zhuǎn)換代價可能源于從長時記憶檢索相關(guān)刺激-反應(yīng)映射的過程受阻,反應(yīng)沖突增大導(dǎo)致。而顏色任務(wù)的單轉(zhuǎn)換過程在相關(guān)執(zhí)行控制網(wǎng)絡(luò)(腦島insula,殼核putamen)的“失活”程度明顯大于文字任務(wù)的單轉(zhuǎn)換過程,表現(xiàn)出顏色任務(wù)設(shè)置的重構(gòu)過程要難于文字任務(wù)。綜上,本文結(jié)合行為和腦成像技術(shù)說明任務(wù)優(yōu)勢度對任務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)換的影響不僅體現(xiàn)在抑制過程上(先前任務(wù)設(shè)置的負(fù)啟動效應(yīng)),也體現(xiàn)在非抑制過程上(重構(gòu)新任務(wù)設(shè)置),而且這兩個過程受到任務(wù)優(yōu)勢度不同方向的調(diào)節(jié),不對稱轉(zhuǎn)換代價由這兩者共同決定。
[Abstract]:Task conversion is the process of transformation from one task to another. Task transformation embodies individual cognitive flexibility and is an important ability for us to survive and adapt to society. But how does the individual change between tasks and what factors affect individual task conversion process? Task transformation research It is good for us to better understand the cognitive flexibility and goal oriented behavior of human beings. In the laboratory, the task transformation paradigm (task switching paradigm) is often used to study the psychological mechanism behind the task transformation. The task transformation paradigm requires the trial to perform the task according to the experimental requirements, if the current trial and previous trial tasks are in the task. We call the current trial the "task repetition". If we do not agree, we call it "task conversion". Many studies find that the response of the individual to the task is longer and the correct rate is lower than the repetitive task. The researchers call the difference between the two as the conversion cost (switch cost). Task dominance refers to the task. The level of automatic processing is usually characterized by the asymmetry between tasks. It is found that the conversion cost is regulated by the task dominance, that is, the conversion cost of the disadvantaged task is significantly less than the conversion cost of the dominant task. It is also known as the asymmetric conversion cost (asymmetric switch cost).Allport first proposed the task setting inertia theory To explain this phenomenon, it is considered that the cost of asymmetric conversion is derived from the persistent inhibition effect of previous trials. However, many studies have found that manipulating some variables, such as changing task types and reducing the amount of interference between tasks, will reduce the cost of asymmetric conversion and even reverse. So the task dominance affects task conversion at present. The internal mechanism is still controversial, and the focus of the dispute lies mainly in whether the cost of the asymmetric conversion is caused by the negative start effect (inhibition process) of the previous task, and does it involve other cognitive control processes? The N-2 task repeat cost (n-2 task repetition cost) is the direct evidence of the suppression process in the task transfer, so this study is based on the first. The task type of the N-2 test times divides task conversion (such as task sequence AB) into alternating task conversion (n-2 trial and N trial task type, BAB) and single task conversion (the N-2 test task type is different from that of the N trial task type, AAB), and the alternate conversion (BAB) is a previously suppressed task setting (Overcoming) The negative startup effect of the previous task setting, representing the suppression process of task transformation, the single conversion (AAB) is the non suppressed process that starts an unsuppressed task setting (refactoring process) and represents the task transformation. This study attempts to separate the suppression and non restraining processes of the task transformation, and analyze the roles of the two in the conversion of asymmetric tasks, respectively. In addition, we also use the functional magnetic resonance imaging (f MRI) technology to explore the cognitive neural mechanism of task dominance affecting task conversion from the perspective of behavior and brain mechanism. This study includes three parts: Experiment 1 mainly verifies the color task of variable Stroop stimuli. Whether a text task is a pair of tasks with different task dominance. By analyzing the interaction of task types (color discrimination tasks, word judgment tasks) and trial consistency, does the color discrimination task and word judgment task show the asymmetry of the task interference? Results show that the color discrimination task and the word judgment are responsible for the task. There is a significant consistency effect, and the consistency effect of color discrimination task is significantly greater than the consistency effect of the word judgment task. Here we can call the color discrimination task as the inferior task and the word judgment task is the dominant task. Based on Experiment 1, the experiment 2 uses the color-word Stroop stimulus and the clue task transformation paradigm phase. By combining the method, we explore the adjustment effect of task dominance to the conversion cost, and examine the role of the two processes in the conversion of asymmetric tasks through the single conversion and alternate conversion process of the separation of tasks. The results show that the conversion cost of the text task is significantly greater than the cost of the conversion of color tasks on the whole. One step analysis of the composition of the conversion cost is found that the alternate conversion cost of the text task is significantly greater than the alternate conversion cost of the color task, while the single conversion cost of the color task is significantly greater than the single conversion cost of the text task. Experiment 3 uses f MRI technology to verify the behavior results of Experiment 2, and the brain imaging results show that the duplication of the task is with the task repetition. Compared to that, the alternation task shift significantly activates the lateral prefrontal cortex (lateral prefrontal cortex, LPFC), the anterior cingulate gyrus (anterior cingulate cortex, ACC) and the left temporal gyrus (inferior temporal gyrus:ITG), indicating that these brain regions are involved in the suppression control of the task transformation, while the single task conversion process has not been significantly activated, indicating that the single task conversion process is not significantly activated. The execution control network (bilateral bilateral inferior frontal cortex:IFG, left top and lower lobule left inferior parietal cortex:IPL, dual temporal gyrus bilateral middle temporal gyrus:MTG) has domain based conflict adaptability, and conversion to the new task setting may cause the execution control network to temporarily "paralyze" and cause the behavior to reverse. When further consideration is given to the task conversion effect of different task types, it is found that the alternate conversion process of the word task is activated in the parahippocampal gyrus (parahippocampal gyrus) and is activated in the putamen (putamen). The alternate conversion cost of the text task can be derived from the retrieval of the related stimulus response mapping from the long time memory. The process is blocked and the reaction conflict increases. And the single conversion process of the color task in the related executive control network (insula, shell putamen) is obviously greater than the single conversion process of the text task, showing that the reconstruction process of the color task setting is difficult for the text task. To sum up, this paper combines behavior and brain imaging technology. It shows that the effect of task dominance on task conversion is not only reflected in the process of suppression (the negative startup effect of previous task setting), but also in the non inhibition process (reconstructing the new task setting), and the two processes are regulated by different directions of task dominance, and the cost of asymmetric conversion is determined by the two.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：B842

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