本文選題：幼兒 + 卡通面孔��； 參考：《浙江師范大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：面孔表情認(rèn)知的能力在日常交往中至關(guān)重要,卡通在兒童日常生活中不可或缺,影響了幼兒認(rèn)知和社會(huì)性發(fā)展。本研究采用行為方法和ERP技術(shù),探究兒童對(duì)卡通和真人表情面孔進(jìn)行加工的差異及其背后的腦機(jī)制。選取大班幼兒,以情緒類型(恐懼、生氣、悲傷、高興和平靜)、面孔類型(卡通和真人)和被試性別作為自變量因素,使用不同的實(shí)驗(yàn)任務(wù),考察這些因素對(duì)兒童表情標(biāo)簽和識(shí)別以及兒童卡通和真人面孔表情在注意和非注意條件下加工的ERP成分(如N170、N2、P2、LPC等)的潛伏期和波幅的影響。研究結(jié)果如下： (1)表情標(biāo)簽和識(shí)別任務(wù)的行為研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：幼兒對(duì)卡通面孔相較于真人面孔更具表情認(rèn)知優(yōu)勢；6歲幼兒的面孔表情認(rèn)知能力發(fā)展基本成熟,但面孔表情識(shí)別能力略優(yōu)于標(biāo)簽?zāi)芰?尤其是害怕情緒；幼兒對(duì)不同的面部表情認(rèn)知存在差異,表情標(biāo)簽任務(wù)中表現(xiàn)為高興生氣平靜悲傷恐懼,在表情識(shí)別任務(wù)中表現(xiàn)為高興生氣平靜恐懼悲傷；幼兒對(duì)悲傷表情識(shí)別存在性別差異,女童存在優(yōu)勢。 (2)表情內(nèi)隱加工任務(wù)(性別判斷、目標(biāo)刺激)的ERP研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：在早期加工階段,卡通和真人面孔均能誘發(fā)N170,其中在性別判斷任務(wù)中,真人面孔誘發(fā)的N170波幅顯著大于卡通面孔,而在目標(biāo)刺激任務(wù)中并無差異；在性別判斷任務(wù)的晚期加工階段,卡通面孔誘發(fā)的LPC平均波幅顯著大于真人面孔,這提示卡通面孔作為一種藝術(shù)產(chǎn)物,被試在對(duì)其加工的晚期階段調(diào)動(dòng)了更多的心理資源。 在兩種表情內(nèi)隱加工任務(wù)下,不同表情的面孔誘發(fā)的N170在潛伏期和幅值上均無明顯差異,表明早期特異性腦電成分N170可能獨(dú)立于面孔表情的情緒內(nèi)容；P2成分受面孔表情的影響,卡通傷心表情的P2波幅最大。在性別判斷任務(wù)下,真人面孔誘發(fā)的N2、LPC成分受表情的影響,傷心表情誘發(fā)了最大的N2成分,平靜表情誘發(fā)了最大的LPC成分,提示幼兒對(duì)不同表情的面孔注意資源投入程度也不同；面孔加工誘發(fā)的N170具有半球優(yōu)勢,右半球顯著大于左半球,且LPC呈現(xiàn)中央?yún)^(qū)的加工強(qiáng)度優(yōu)勢；性別差異均未達(dá)顯著。同為內(nèi)隱表情加工任務(wù),但結(jié)論存在一定差異,提示在內(nèi)隱條件下,任務(wù)本身性質(zhì)會(huì)影響幼兒腦部對(duì)表情的加工。 (3)表情外顯加工任務(wù)(表情判斷、表情匹配)的ERP研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：在早期加工階段,卡通和真人面孔均誘發(fā)了面孔敏感性成分N170,但真人面孔誘發(fā)的N170波幅大于卡通面孔；在晚期加工階段,卡通面孔誘發(fā)的LPC平均波幅顯著大于真人面孔,這提示卡通面孔和真人面孔加工的腦機(jī)制存在差異,在精細(xì)加工階段,卡通面孔引起了被試更多的注意。 在兩種任務(wù)下,因未分離每種的具體表情(平靜、高興、傷心、害怕和生氣),所以無法得出表情效應(yīng)的結(jié)論：面孔加工誘發(fā)的N170未具有半球優(yōu)勢,而LPC呈現(xiàn)中央?yún)^(qū)的加工強(qiáng)度優(yōu)勢；各ERP成分下的性別差異均未達(dá)顯著。結(jié)合兩項(xiàng)研究結(jié)果,雖然表情匹配任務(wù)的難度比表情判斷任務(wù)的大,但兩者的結(jié)論較一致,這提示在外顯加工條件下,實(shí)驗(yàn)任務(wù)以及任務(wù)難度的差異可能對(duì)幼兒腦部表情加工的影響不大。 綜上,本研究證實(shí)幼兒對(duì)真人與卡通面孔表情的認(rèn)知及其背后的神經(jīng)機(jī)制存在顯著差異,研究結(jié)論表明：(1)幼兒對(duì)卡通面孔表情認(rèn)知能力優(yōu)于真人面孔,特別是悲傷、恐懼和平靜表情,原因可能為卡通面孔的夸張的表情與簡化的五官等表征更符合幼兒的認(rèn)知發(fā)展水平；(2)幼兒對(duì)卡通與真人面孔加工的神經(jīng)機(jī)制存在差異,對(duì)應(yīng)于BruceYoung的面孔加工模型,在早期結(jié)構(gòu)編碼階段,真人面孔的加工強(qiáng)度顯著高于卡通面孔,提示幼兒對(duì)真人面孔的自動(dòng)化加工程度更高,可能反應(yīng)了其社會(huì)學(xué)意義；在晚期精細(xì)加工階段,卡通面孔的加工強(qiáng)度顯著高于真人面孔,提示卡通面孔對(duì)幼兒更具吸引力,使其投入了更多的注意資源；(3)內(nèi)隱加工任務(wù)下,不同真人和卡通面孔表情所誘發(fā)的ERP成分存在顯著差異,表明幼兒對(duì)面孔表情加工是自動(dòng)化的；(4)6歲幼兒的面孔表情內(nèi)隱與外顯加工在面孔早期編碼階段差異不顯著,在晚期的面孔精細(xì)加工階段存在顯著差異,提示表情外顯加工深度高于內(nèi)隱加工；(5)行為與ERP實(shí)驗(yàn)均表明,6歲幼兒對(duì)不同表情的識(shí)別能力發(fā)展不平衡,根據(jù)本研究的結(jié)果,使用卡通面孔作為表情學(xué)習(xí)的材料,將有助于促進(jìn)幼兒表情認(rèn)知能力的發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:In this study , behavioral and ERP techniques are used to explore the differences of children ' s cognitive and social development . The study uses behavioral methods and ERP techniques to explore the differences between children ' s processing of cartoon and human expression faces and the brain mechanisms behind them . The study uses behavioral approaches and ERP techniques to explore the effects of these factors on the latency and amplitude of children ' s facial expressions and identification , as well as the expressions of children ' s cartoon and human faces under the attention of attention and non - attention .

( 1 ) The behavioral research of facial expression label and recognition task found that children had more expressive cognitive advantage to cartoon face than the human face ;
The cognition ability of facial expression of 6 - year - old children is basically mature , but the ability of facial expression recognition is slightly better than that of label ability , especially fear emotion ;
Children ' s perception of different facial expressions is different , the expression of the expression label task is to be happy to be angry and calm sad fear , in the expression recognition task is happy to be angry and calm fear sad ;
There are gender differences in the infant ' s recognition of sad expression , and girls have the advantage .

( 2 ) The ERP study of implicit processing task ( gender judgment and target stimulation ) found that in the early processing stage , both cartoon and human faces could induce N170 , in which the N170 amplitude induced by human face was significantly larger than cartoon face in the task of sex determination , while there was no difference in the target stimulation task .
In the late processing stage of sex determination task , the LPC mean amplitude of cartoon face was significantly greater than that of human face , which suggested that cartoon face as an art product had been tested for more psychological resources during the advanced stage of processing .

Under the implicit processing task of the two expressions , the N170 induced by different facial expressions was not significantly different in latency and amplitude , indicating that the early specific EEG component N170 might be independent of the emotional content of the facial expression ;
The expression of N2 and LPC was influenced by facial expressions . The expression of N2 and LPC was influenced by facial expressions .
The N170 - induced N170 has a hemisphere dominance , and the right hemisphere is significantly larger than that of the left hemisphere , and LPC exhibits the advantage of processing intensity in the central area ;
There is no significant difference between sex difference and sex difference , but there is some difference between them , which suggests that under the condition of implicit implicit expression , the nature of the task can affect the processing of the expression in the brain of the infant .

( 3 ) The ERP study of facial expression processing task ( expression judgment and expression matching ) found that in the early processing stage , both cartoon and human faces evoked the surface sensitivity component N170 , but the N170 amplitude induced by human face was larger than that of cartoon face ;
During the advanced processing stage , the average amplitude of LPC in cartoon face was significantly greater than that of the real human face , which suggested that there was a difference between the cartoon face and the brain mechanism of human face processing . During the fine processing stage , the cartoon face caused more attention .

Under the two tasks , because each specific expression ( calm , happy , sad , scared and angry ) was not separated , it was impossible to conclude that the expression effect could not be concluded : the N170 induced by the face processing had no hemispherical dominance , while LPC presented the advantage of processing intensity in the central area ;
There is no significant difference in sex between ERP components . In combination with the results of two studies , although the difficulty of facial expression matching task is greater than that of expression judgment task , the conclusion is consistent , which suggests that the difference between experimental task and task difficulty may have little effect on children ' s brain expression processing under the condition of explicit processing .

The results show that : ( 1 ) The cognitive ability of children to cartoon face expression is superior to that of human face , especially sadness , fear and calm expression .
( 2 ) There is a difference between children ' s nerve mechanism of cartoon and human face processing , corresponding to Bruce Young ' s face processing model . In the early structural coding stage , the processing intensity of human face is significantly higher than that of cartoon face , which suggests that the automatic processing degree of human face is higher , which may reflect its sociological significance .
In the late stage of fine processing , the processing intensity of cartoon face is significantly higher than that of human face , suggesting that cartoon face is more attractive to young children , making it more attention resources ;
( 3 ) Under the task of implicit processing , there is a significant difference in ERP components induced by different human and cartoon face expressions , which indicates that children ' s facial expression processing is automatic ;
( 4 ) There was no significant difference in the face expression of 6 - year - old children in the early coding stage of the face , and there was a significant difference in the late stage of face fine processing , suggesting that the processing depth of the expression was higher than that of implicit processing ;
( 5 ) The behavior and ERP experiment showed that the 6 - year - old children had an imbalance in the recognition ability of different expressions . According to the results of this study , the use of cartoon faces as the material of expression study will help to promote the development of the cognitive ability of the children ' s expression .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：B842

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