本文選題：跨期選擇 + 延遲折扣�。� 參考：《西南大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：跨期選擇(intertemporal choice)是指?jìng)€(gè)體對(duì)發(fā)生在不同時(shí)間的成本與收益進(jìn)行權(quán)衡,進(jìn)而做出的各種判斷和選擇(Loewenstein,1988; Frederick, Loewenstein,O'Donoghue,2002).亞當(dāng)·斯密指出跨期選擇不僅影響一個(gè)人的健康、財(cái)富與整體幸福感,也決定一個(gè)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮的程度(Frederick, Loewenstein,O'Donoghue,2002)。因此,對(duì)跨期選擇的認(rèn)知與神經(jīng)機(jī)制進(jìn)行深入研究,既具有重要的科學(xué)價(jià)值,也能幫助個(gè)體、企業(yè)乃至政府做出更加科學(xué)、理性的決策。最近有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),未來(lái)情境預(yù)期能夠顯著降低個(gè)體的延遲折扣率(Peters,Biichel,2010),做出對(duì)未來(lái)更加有利的決策(Benoit,et al.,2011)。然而,未來(lái)情境預(yù)期如何作用跨期選擇的認(rèn)知與神經(jīng)機(jī)制并不清楚。為此,我們提出了一個(gè)“情境預(yù)期-情緒假設(shè)”(the emotion-of-episodic-prospection hypothesis)模型來(lái)解釋其影響的認(rèn)知與神經(jīng)機(jī)制(LiuFeng,2013).因此,本研究利用行為實(shí)驗(yàn)和功能磁共振成像技術(shù)(fMRI),采用跨期選擇任務(wù)范式,主要研究?jī)蓚€(gè)問(wèn)題：(1)預(yù)期情緒對(duì)跨期選擇調(diào)控的認(rèn)知機(jī)制(研究一)；(2)預(yù)期情緒對(duì)跨期選擇調(diào)控的神經(jīng)基礎(chǔ)與機(jī)制(研究二)。 研究一分為三個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn),系統(tǒng)操縱預(yù)期想象的情緒效價(jià)(實(shí)驗(yàn)1-積極預(yù)期情緒；實(shí)驗(yàn)2-消極預(yù)期情緒；實(shí)驗(yàn)3-中性預(yù)期情緒),考察了預(yù)期情緒對(duì)跨期選擇調(diào)控的認(rèn)知機(jī)制。研究采用雙曲線模型擬合延遲折扣率,在控制了被試即時(shí)情緒后,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)：(1)對(duì)未來(lái)積極事件的預(yù)期想象引發(fā)的積極情緒導(dǎo)致了延遲折扣率的降低(實(shí)驗(yàn)1)；(2)對(duì)未來(lái)消極事件的預(yù)期想象引發(fā)的消極情緒導(dǎo)致了延遲折扣率的增加(實(shí)驗(yàn)2)：(3)對(duì)未來(lái)中性事件的預(yù)期想象則沒(méi)有改變個(gè)體的延遲折扣率(實(shí)驗(yàn)3)。這些結(jié)果支持了“情境預(yù)期-情緒假設(shè)”模型,預(yù)期想象本身不影響延遲折扣,而是通過(guò)預(yù)期情緒(不同效價(jià))調(diào)節(jié)了延遲折扣變化的方向。 研究二利用功能磁共振成像技術(shù)(fMRI),采用帶預(yù)期想象標(biāo)簽(實(shí)驗(yàn)1-積極預(yù)期情緒；實(shí)驗(yàn)2-消極預(yù)期情緒；實(shí)驗(yàn)3-中性預(yù)期情緒)的跨期選擇任務(wù),考察預(yù)期情緒對(duì)跨期選擇調(diào)控的神經(jīng)基礎(chǔ)與運(yùn)行機(jī)制；重點(diǎn)探究預(yù)期情緒影響跨期選擇的價(jià)值評(píng)估階段還是選擇階段。行為結(jié)果進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證了研究一的結(jié)論：預(yù)期積極的情境事件能夠降低個(gè)體的延遲折扣率,預(yù)期消極的情境事件會(huì)提高延遲折扣率,而預(yù)期中性的情境事件則不會(huì)改變延遲折扣率。磁共振結(jié)果表明：(1)預(yù)期想象積極事件,在評(píng)估階段,“想象”與“不想象”對(duì)比,腹內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉(VMPFC)、前扣帶(ACC)、后扣帶(PCC)、腦島(Insula)等腦區(qū)活性顯著增強(qiáng),也激活了海馬(Hippocampus)、海馬旁回(Parahippocampa Gyrus)等前瞻性記憶腦區(qū)；在選擇階段,“自主選擇”與“跟隨選擇”相比,背側(cè)扣帶前回(dACC)、背外側(cè)前額葉(DLPFC)、額下回(IFG)等腦區(qū)激活更強(qiáng)；海馬旁回(Parahippocampa Gyrus)的激活程度能預(yù)測(cè)被試折扣率的變化程度(實(shí)驗(yàn)1)。(2)預(yù)期想象消極事件,在評(píng)估階段,“想象”與“不想象”對(duì)比,腹內(nèi)側(cè)前額葉(VMPFC)、、腦島(Insula)、扣帶后回(PCc)等腦區(qū)活性顯著增加；在選擇階段,同樣“自主選擇”與“跟隨選擇”相比,背側(cè)扣帶前回(dACC)、背外側(cè)前額葉(DLPFC)等腦區(qū)活性更強(qiáng)；扣帶后回(PCC)的激活程度能預(yù)測(cè)被試折扣率變化的程度(實(shí)驗(yàn)2)；(3)預(yù)期想象中性事件,在評(píng)估階段,“想象”與“不想象”對(duì)比,無(wú)明顯激活的腦區(qū)；在選擇階段,“自主選擇”與“跟隨選擇”相比,額下回(IFG)等腦區(qū)活性更強(qiáng)。這些結(jié)果說(shuō)明,預(yù)期情緒(或預(yù)期想象)可能通過(guò)對(duì)未來(lái)結(jié)果價(jià)值評(píng)估的影響,進(jìn)而改變個(gè)體的選擇偏好。 綜合而言,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：(1)預(yù)期想象通過(guò)預(yù)期情緒調(diào)節(jié)了延遲折扣變化的方向：積極情緒預(yù)期會(huì)導(dǎo)致延遲折扣率的下降,消極的情緒預(yù)期則會(huì)導(dǎo)致延遲折扣率的上升,而中性情緒的預(yù)期想象則不會(huì)改變延遲折扣率。(2)預(yù)期想象通過(guò)影響被試對(duì)未來(lái)結(jié)果的價(jià)值評(píng)估來(lái)改變被試的選擇偏好：預(yù)期積極事件會(huì)使個(gè)體賦予未來(lái)結(jié)果更大的價(jià)值,預(yù)期消極事件會(huì)使個(gè)體賦予未來(lái)結(jié)果更小的價(jià)值,而中性事件的預(yù)期并不會(huì)影響未來(lái)結(jié)果的價(jià)值評(píng)估。本研究較系統(tǒng)地探明了未來(lái)情境預(yù)期影響跨期選擇的認(rèn)知與神經(jīng)機(jī)制,具有較高的科學(xué)價(jià)值；同時(shí),也為延遲折扣的可塑性開(kāi)辟了一條新的思路,對(duì)于改善和治療特殊人群(如成癮、暴飲暴食、病理性賭博)的跨期選擇缺陷具有重要的實(shí)踐意義。
[Abstract]:Intertemporal choice refers to the individual ' s trade - offs between costs and benefits that take place at different times , and the various judgments and choices ( Loewenstein , 1988 ; Frederick , Loewenstein , O ' Donghue , 2002 ) . Adam Smith points out that the cross - term choice not only affects one ' s health , wealth and overall well - being , but also determines the degree of economic prosperity of a country ( Frederick , Loewenstein , O ' Donghue , 2002 ) . Therefore , in - depth study on cognitive and neural mechanisms of cross - period selection has both important scientific value and more scientific and rational decision - making for individuals , enterprises and even government . Recently , it has been found that the future situation is expected to significantly reduce the individual ' s delay discount rate ( Peter , Biichel , 2010 ) and make more favorable decisions for the future ( Benoit , et al . , 2011 ) . However , it is not clear how the cognitive and neural mechanisms are expected to function in the future scenarios . To this end , we propose a " scenario - of - emotion hypothesis " model to explain the cognitive and neurological mechanism of its effects ( LiuFeng , 2013 ) . Therefore , this study uses behavioral experiment and functional magnetic resonance imaging technique to study two problems : ( 1 ) the cognitive mechanism of expected emotion to cross - stage selection and control ( research one ) ;
( 2 ) The neural basis and mechanism of expected emotion to regulate the cross - stage selection ( Study II ) .

The study was divided into three experiments , the system manipulated the expected perceived emotional potency ( experiment 1 - positive expected emotion ;
Lab 2 - Negative expected emotion ;
Experiment 3 - Neutral expected emotion ) , the cognitive mechanism of expected emotion to cross - stage selection control was investigated . The study used a hyperbolic model to fit the delay discount rate . After controlling the instant emotion , the results showed that : ( 1 ) the positive emotion caused by the expected imagination of positive events in the future led to a decrease in the delay discount rate ( experiment 1 ) ;
( 2 ) The expected imagination of the negative events in the future leads to an increase in the discount rate ( Experiment 2 ) : ( 3 ) The expected imagination of future neutral events does not alter the individual ' s delay discount rate ( Experiment 3 ) . These results support the context - expected - emotional hypothesis model , which is expected to do not affect the delayed discount itself , but rather adjusts the direction of the delayed discount change through the expected mood ( different potency ) .

To study the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) , the expected imagination label was used ( experiment 1 - positive expected emotion ) ;
Lab 2 - Negative expected emotion ;
Experiment 3 - neutral expected emotion ) cross - stage selection task , investigating the expected emotion to the cross - stage selection and regulation of the neural basis and operation mechanism ;
The results of this study further validate the conclusion that positive contextual events can reduce the individual delay discount rate , expect negative contextual events to improve the discount rate , while the expected neutral contextual events will not change the discount rate .
In the selection phase , " autonomous selection " and " follow - up selection " , the brain areas such as the back - side buckle front - back ( dACC ) , the back - lateral frontal frontal lobe ( DLPFC ) , and the frontal - low - return - back - back - back - back - back - back - back - back - back - back - back - back - back - back - back - back - back - back - back - back - back - back - back - back - back - back - back - back - back - back - to - frontal gyrus are more active ;
( 2 ) Negative events are expected . In the assessment phase , " imagination " is compared with " imagining " , and the activity of brain regions such as the ventral medial frontal lobe ( VMPFC ) , the brain island ( PCc ) and the back ( PCc ) is significantly increased .
In the selection stage , the brain areas such as dACC , DLPFC , and DLPFC were also more active than " self - selection " and " follow - up selection " .
The degree of activation of the buckle back - back ( PCC ) can be predicted to the extent of the change in the discount rate ( Experiment 2 ) ;
( 3 ) It is expected to imagine the neutral event , in the assessment phase , " imagine " and " unimaginable " contrast , there is no obvious activation of the brain region ;
In the selection phase , " autonomous selection " is more active than " follow - up selection " . These results suggest that the expected mood ( or expected imagination ) may change the individual ' s preferences through the impact on the future outcome value assessment .

Overall , it is found that : ( 1 ) It is expected that the direction of delayed discount change is adjusted through expected mood : positive emotions are expected to lead to a drop in the discount rate , while negative emotions are expected to lead to an increase in the discount rate , while the expected imagination of the neutral mood will not change the discount rate .
At the same time , a new idea is opened for the plasticity of delayed discount , which is of great practical significance for improving and treating cross - stage selection defects of special populations ( such as addiction , binge eating , pathological gambling ) .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：B842

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