本文選題：自信　切入點(diǎn)：時(shí)間取向　出處：《西南大學(xué)》2014年碩士論文

【摘要】：適度自信對(duì)維持個(gè)體心理健康、改善人際關(guān)系、提高自我價(jià)值感等方面都發(fā)揮著重要作用。在具體情境和任務(wù)中,自我信息表征著個(gè)體在不同情境、領(lǐng)域中對(duì)自己的感知(包括個(gè)體對(duì)自我能力、價(jià)值等信息的表征),這些信息的提取、加工成為個(gè)體判斷自信的資源。其中,積極自我信息會(huì)增強(qiáng)個(gè)體對(duì)自我的肯定感、確定性而提升個(gè)體的自信；相反,消極自我信息則會(huì)降低個(gè)體的自我肯定感而削弱其自信心。有關(guān)時(shí)間與自我的研究則發(fā)現(xiàn)積極或消極自我認(rèn)知、表征圖式會(huì)在“時(shí)間維度”上產(chǎn)生差異：面向未來時(shí),個(gè)體普遍認(rèn)為未來我將優(yōu)于現(xiàn)在我,如相對(duì)于現(xiàn)在,未來將會(huì)獲得更高的成就、更好的經(jīng)濟(jì)收入、更少個(gè)性缺點(diǎn)等等；而面對(duì)過去,個(gè)體則力圖使過去顯得黯淡消極,如認(rèn)為過去自我的吸引力遠(yuǎn)低于現(xiàn)在自我。時(shí)間自我評(píng)價(jià)理論認(rèn)為這是由于在自我增強(qiáng)動(dòng)機(jī)的驅(qū)動(dòng)下,個(gè)體試圖通過對(duì)比“黯淡的過去”來凸顯“美好的現(xiàn)在”�？傊�,人們?cè)谡J(rèn)知過去-現(xiàn)在-未來上,其自我信息表征的積極性上存在依次增強(qiáng)、上升的趨勢(shì)。但這種時(shí)間自我認(rèn)知的效價(jià)是否作用于個(gè)體的自信建構(gòu)過程,以往的研究者并無涉及,本研究以時(shí)間取向?yàn)榍腥朦c(diǎn),采用實(shí)證研究探討時(shí)間取向和時(shí)間態(tài)度對(duì)自信建構(gòu)的影響。 本研究首先采用調(diào)查問卷法探討時(shí)間取向與個(gè)體自信水平的關(guān)系。其后,通過聯(lián)想法啟動(dòng)時(shí)間取向,探索時(shí)間取向?qū)ψ孕沤?gòu)的影響作用,并對(duì)時(shí)間取向-自我信息效價(jià)-自信進(jìn)行了中介檢驗(yàn),以探索時(shí)間取向是否會(huì)通過激活個(gè)體加工自我信息效價(jià)影響自信判斷。最后,將時(shí)間態(tài)度納入到時(shí)間取向-自信建構(gòu)的模型中,分析時(shí)問取向與時(shí)間態(tài)度對(duì)自信建構(gòu)的共同作用,其結(jié)果如下： (1)時(shí)間取向與個(gè)體自信水平存在相關(guān)關(guān)系,其中,未來(r=.40,p.01)及過去積極時(shí)間取向(r=.19,p..01)與自信存在正相關(guān),消極過去(r=-.13,p.05)及現(xiàn)在宿命時(shí)間取向(r=.17,p.01)與自信存在負(fù)相關(guān),現(xiàn)在享樂時(shí)間取向與自信無關(guān)(r=-.04,p.05)。 (2)通過啟動(dòng)實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),個(gè)體的自信判斷受時(shí)間取向的影響(F=4.95,p.05, n2=.15)未來時(shí)間取向組的自信水平顯著高于現(xiàn)在和過去時(shí)間取向組,過去時(shí)間取向組與現(xiàn)在時(shí)間取向組在自信水平上不存在差異。中介檢驗(yàn)則表明,混合自我信息效價(jià)(積極與消極自我信息的相對(duì)值)在時(shí)間取向-自信建構(gòu)之間發(fā)揮著完全中介作用,表明時(shí)間取向并不直接作用個(gè)體的白信判斷,而是完全依賴于個(gè)體在定向不同時(shí)間自我時(shí)所引發(fā)的提取、加工白我信息上的效價(jià)差異。 (3)時(shí)間取向與時(shí)間態(tài)度對(duì)個(gè)體自信建構(gòu)存在交互作用(F=6.44,p.05, n2=.08)在積極時(shí)間態(tài)度條件下,未來和過去時(shí)間取向組的自信水平并無顯著差異；而在消極時(shí)間態(tài)度條件下,未來組自信水平顯著低于過去組。 本研究通過問卷調(diào)查和實(shí)驗(yàn)相結(jié)合的方法,探索了時(shí)間取向和時(shí)間態(tài)度對(duì)自信建構(gòu)的影響,提出了時(shí)間取向-自我信息效價(jià)-自信建構(gòu)的中介模型并加以驗(yàn)證。其中,研究—從特質(zhì)角度上發(fā)現(xiàn)各時(shí)間取向與個(gè)體的自信水平存在相關(guān)關(guān)系,未來時(shí)間取向與自信存在正相關(guān)且相關(guān)程度最大；研究二從認(rèn)知建構(gòu)層面上發(fā)現(xiàn)時(shí)間取向?qū)�(gè)體自信建構(gòu)存在影響,未來時(shí)間取向組的自信判斷顯著高于過去和現(xiàn)在時(shí)間取向組。研究一和研究二表明未來取向是最利于提升個(gè)體自信的時(shí)間取向。研究三則表明相對(duì)于消極時(shí)間取向,積極時(shí)間取向更利于增強(qiáng)個(gè)體自信。此外,消極的未來時(shí)間取向相比消極的過去時(shí)間取向能引發(fā)個(gè)體產(chǎn)生高強(qiáng)度的危機(jī)感和自我否定感,導(dǎo)致個(gè)體產(chǎn)生更低的自信體驗(yàn)；但相對(duì)于積極的過去時(shí)間取向,積極的未來時(shí)間取向并不能引發(fā)更高的自我肯定感,表明重視成功的未來和看重輝煌的過去在增強(qiáng)個(gè)體自信上具有相同的效力。
[Abstract]:Moderate confidence to maintain mental health, improve interpersonal relationship, play an important role in improving the sense of self value. In specific situations and tasks, self information representing the individual in different contexts, perception of yourself in the field (including the individual self ability, value of information representation, the information extraction) be confident, processing individual judgment resources. Among them, the positive self information will enhance the individual sense of self affirmation, and enhance the confidence of individual uncertainty; on the contrary, negative self information will reduce the individual's self affirmation and weaken their confidence. Sense of time and self study found a positive or negative self cognition, characterization the schema will produce differences in "time dimension": facing the future, individuals generally believed that I will be better than my future now, as opposed to now, the future will be more and more high achievement. Good income, less personality defects and so on; and the face of the past, the individual is trying to make the past seem bleak negative, such as past self attraction is far lower than now. Self temporal self appraisal theory is that the driving motivation in self enhancement, the individual tries by comparing the "dark past" to highlight the "good now". In short, people in the cognition of past present future, their enthusiasm for self representation of information on existing in the enhancement, upward trend. Since the channel construction process this time but the titer of self cognition is in the role of the individual, the previous study is not involved in this study, time orientation as a starting point the empirical study, time orientation and time effect on the construction of confidence attitude.
In this study we used questionnaire method to explore the relationship between time orientation and individual confidence level. Then, by Lenovo start time orientation, time orientation of exploration and the construction of confidence, self - potency time orientation information of the intermediary confidence test, to explore whether the time orientation through the activation of individual self information processing the titer of affect confidence judgment. Finally, the time attitude into the time orientation of confidence construction model, analysis of time orientation and time attitude on interaction confidence building, the results are as follows:
(1) there is relationship, time orientation and individual confidence level of the future (r=.40, P.01) and positive past time orientation (r=.19, p..01) were positively correlated with confidence, negative past (r=-.13, p.05) and now the fate of time orientation (r=.17, P.01) in negative correlation with confidence, pleasure time now the orientation of independent and confident (r=-.04, p.05).
(2) by starting the experiment, the influence of individual confident judgments of time orientation (F=4.95, p.05, n2=.15) future time orientation group confidence level is significantly higher than the present and past time orientation, past time orientation group and now time orientation group in the confidence level there is no difference. Intermediary test indicates that the self mixing the information value (relative values of positive and negative self information) plays a important role in the construction of confidence between the time orientation, time orientation that is not directly effect the white letter individual judgment, but from a body completely dependent on orientation on different time self triggered by processing information on my white titer difference.
(3) the time orientation and time attitude of individual confidence construct interaction (F=6.44, p.05, n2=.08) in the condition of positive attitude of time, significant differences between the past and future time orientation group level of confidence in the condition of no negative attitude; time, the future confidence level was significantly lower than that in the past group group.
The research method of combining questionnaire survey and experiment, explored the time orientation and time effect on the construction of confidence attitude, put forward time orientation model of self - confidence intermediary information was constructed and verified. The research from the angle of the relationship between traits found each time orientation and individual confidence level. Future time orientation and confident there is a positive correlation and maximum correlation degree; two from the cognitive construction level found time orientation on individual confidence building effect, future time orientation is significantly higher than that of group confidently determine the past and present time orientation groups. The researches show that two future orientation is the most confident to enhance the individual time orientation three. Research shows that compared with the negative time orientation, positive time orientation is more conducive to enhancing the individual confidence. In addition, future time orientation compared to negative elimination The past time orientation can cause the individual to produce high strength the sense of crisis and sense of self denial, cause individuals to produce lower confidence experience; but compared to the past time orientation positive, positive future time orientation does not lead to higher sense of self affirmation, show attention to successful future value and glorious past in the individual confidence has the same effect.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：B848

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