試析戰(zhàn)后三次美國對華“總統(tǒng)特使外交”
發(fā)布時間：2018-10-09 21:16
【摘要】： 不論是存在于古希臘的“客卿談判”,還是盛行于古代中國的“聘問之制”,特使外交,這一既姑且新的外交方式有著其他外交方式所不具有的獨特作用和地位。自威斯特法利亞體系開啟近代國際關(guān)系史以來,美國對于特使外交的運用是非常熟練的。從華盛頓開始的每屆總統(tǒng),都以各種情勢和理由向外排出特使。這是美國獨特的政治體制以及實踐中所形成的慣例所決定的。 具體到中美關(guān)系史來說,自戰(zhàn)后以來的幾次對華總統(tǒng)特使外交不僅對于中美兩國,而且對于兩國關(guān)系的發(fā)展都起到了非常重要的作用。由馬歇爾領(lǐng)銜的對華總統(tǒng)特使外交不僅使得中美兩國對彼此的看法出現(xiàn)重大的變化,更是影響了幾十年的中美關(guān)系。1971年基辛格博士的對華總統(tǒng)特使外交使得經(jīng)過了幾十年對抗的中美兩國有機(jī)會坐下來就共同關(guān)心的問題進(jìn)行討論,更使得兩國的關(guān)系開始走向正�；�。作為在國際形勢發(fā)生急劇變化的情況下所展開的1989年斯考克羅夫特將軍的對華總統(tǒng)外交不僅使得處在崩潰邊緣的中美關(guān)系得以有所轉(zhuǎn)圜,更為20世紀(jì)90年代中美關(guān)系的發(fā)展打下基礎(chǔ)。 總結(jié)這三次對華總統(tǒng)外交,我們可以得出如下結(jié)論。第一,特使外交的執(zhí)行者都是在當(dāng)時的美國外交政策決策圈里面有著相當(dāng)?shù)匚缓蛽碛袥Q策權(quán)的人。第二,這三次對華總統(tǒng)外交對于處在關(guān)鍵時刻的中美關(guān)系起到了非常重要的作用。第三,這三次對華總統(tǒng)特使外交既有成功的,也有不成功的。成功的根本原因在于美國正確的估量了國際形勢和雙邊情況,采用了一種理性務(wù)實的態(tài)度。
[Abstract]:Whether it is the "guest negotiation" in ancient Greece or the "appointment and inquiry system" prevailing in ancient China, the diplomacy of special envoys has a unique role and status which other diplomatic methods do not have. Since the Westphalia system opened the history of modern international relations, the United States has been very skilled in the use of envoy diplomacy. Every president since Washington has ousted envoys for a variety of circumstances and reasons. This is determined by the unique political system and practice of the United States. As far as the history of Sino-US relations is concerned, several special envoys to China since the war have played a very important role not only in the development of Sino-US relations, but also in the development of relations between the two countries. The diplomacy of Marshall's special envoy to China not only brought about a major change in the views of China and the United States on each other, It has also affected Sino-US relations for decades. In 1971, Dr. Kissinger's special envoy diplomacy to China gave China and the United States the opportunity to sit down and discuss issues of common concern after decades of confrontation. Even more, relations between the two countries began to normalize. General Scowcroft's 1989 presidential diplomacy with China, which began amid dramatic changes in the international situation, not only brought about a turnaround in Sino-US relations on the verge of collapse. Moreover, the development of Sino-American relations in the 1990 s laid the foundation. Summing up these three Chinese presidential diplomacy, we can draw the following conclusions. First, special envoy diplomacy was carried out by people who had a considerable position and decision-making power in the American foreign policy decision-making circle at that time. Second, these three diplomatic visits to China have played a very important role in the critical moment of Sino-American relations. Third, these three diplomatic missions to China have been both successful and unsuccessful. The root cause of success lies in the fact that the United States has correctly measured the international and bilateral situation and adopted a rational and pragmatic attitude.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：外交學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：D829.712
[Abstract]:Whether it is the "guest negotiation" in ancient Greece or the "appointment and inquiry system" prevailing in ancient China, the diplomacy of special envoys has a unique role and status which other diplomatic methods do not have. Since the Westphalia system opened the history of modern international relations, the United States has been very skilled in the use of envoy diplomacy. Every president since Washington has ousted envoys for a variety of circumstances and reasons. This is determined by the unique political system and practice of the United States. As far as the history of Sino-US relations is concerned, several special envoys to China since the war have played a very important role not only in the development of Sino-US relations, but also in the development of relations between the two countries. The diplomacy of Marshall's special envoy to China not only brought about a major change in the views of China and the United States on each other, It has also affected Sino-US relations for decades. In 1971, Dr. Kissinger's special envoy diplomacy to China gave China and the United States the opportunity to sit down and discuss issues of common concern after decades of confrontation. Even more, relations between the two countries began to normalize. General Scowcroft's 1989 presidential diplomacy with China, which began amid dramatic changes in the international situation, not only brought about a turnaround in Sino-US relations on the verge of collapse. Moreover, the development of Sino-American relations in the 1990 s laid the foundation. Summing up these three Chinese presidential diplomacy, we can draw the following conclusions. First, special envoy diplomacy was carried out by people who had a considerable position and decision-making power in the American foreign policy decision-making circle at that time. Second, these three diplomatic visits to China have played a very important role in the critical moment of Sino-American relations. Third, these three diplomatic missions to China have been both successful and unsuccessful. The root cause of success lies in the fact that the United States has correctly measured the international and bilateral situation and adopted a rational and pragmatic attitude.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：外交學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：D829.712
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