本文選題：家長式作風(fēng) + 建設(shè)和平��； 參考：《吉林大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：非洲的和平與安全一直是國際社會的重要議題,但是對沖突后非洲局勢問題的深入研究發(fā)展緩慢,國際社會仍需為其和平與穩(wěn)定的構(gòu)建和維護(hù)提供更加有效的方法。目前已有的一些解決措施似乎鞭長莫及。就本文而言,將主要探討家長式作風(fēng)對推進(jìn)國際組織對和平進(jìn)程的阻礙。因此,亟需評估家長式的國際行為者對非洲和平進(jìn)程的挑戰(zhàn),并探究這些挑戰(zhàn)是如何形成的。在引言中筆者介紹了本論文的主題,簡述非洲建設(shè)和平的進(jìn)程。用中非共和國后沖突時(shí)代作為案例分析。本文主要論點(diǎn)為:在構(gòu)建和平的進(jìn)程中,國家行為體的家長式作風(fēng)正在演變?yōu)殚L期可持續(xù)和平的障礙。以中非共和國為例,在20世紀(jì)大部分時(shí)間乃至21世紀(jì),中非依然難以保證和平。因此本次研究的目的是解決以下問題:首先,促使法國作為一個(gè)國家行為體在中非共和國沖突過后的和平構(gòu)建中采取家長式作風(fēng)的因素是什么?其次,家長式作風(fēng)是如何阻礙建設(shè)持久和平的?文章的第一部分陳述了一些概念,特別是關(guān)于建設(shè)和平的概念以及它被概念化過程的,并回顧了建設(shè)和平與家長式作風(fēng)相關(guān)概念的文獻(xiàn)和實(shí)例,深入探究建設(shè)和平和家長式作風(fēng)在不同語境下的定義,以及非洲在國際關(guān)系中因此所經(jīng)歷的一些阻礙。近年來的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)主要回顧了建設(shè)和平在過去幾十年來中遇到的一系列困難,并提出了許多建設(shè)和平的藍(lán)圖。地區(qū)與世界和平建設(shè)的主要行動者提出了一個(gè)“自由和平建設(shè)”的框架,確立總體目標(biāo)為避免暴力沖突的再次發(fā)生,通過刺激經(jīng)濟(jì)和創(chuàng)造安全環(huán)境來幫助發(fā)展中國家發(fā)展。基于此,“自由建設(shè)和平”戰(zhàn)略揭示了非洲國家亟需一個(gè)持久和平狀態(tài)。近期的文獻(xiàn)中,主要認(rèn)為,有效建設(shè)和平的概念取決于各個(gè)年代,其中當(dāng)代自由建設(shè)和平與沖突轉(zhuǎn)型的概念是由現(xiàn)實(shí)的實(shí)踐與經(jīng)驗(yàn)所塑造的。盡管自由建設(shè)和平似乎已成為非洲國家的靈丹妙藥,就其未來的升級轉(zhuǎn)型而言,自由建設(shè)和平仍然有待商榷。有關(guān)家長式作風(fēng)人道主義干涉和援助的文獻(xiàn)往往都側(cè)重于國際權(quán)力體系結(jié)構(gòu)分析,即干預(yù)者與援助接受者之間處于權(quán)力關(guān)系不對稱的狀態(tài)。同時(shí),相對于援助接受國的落后,國際干預(yù)者擁有人類進(jìn)步和發(fā)展所需要的最為先進(jìn)的專業(yè)知識和技術(shù),因此通常被誤解為是自負(fù)傲慢的。干預(yù)者強(qiáng)加的外來觀念,對當(dāng)?shù)刂R和思想的忽略,被認(rèn)為是阻礙實(shí)現(xiàn)積極和平策略的障礙。本文的概念框架立足于家長式作風(fēng)。考慮到本文將家長式作風(fēng)置于國際層面上以及人道主義事務(wù)層面,因此本文引用barnett對家長式作風(fēng)的定義——“本著為他人著想的考量,一個(gè)行為體試圖用他的意見來代替另一行為體的意見”。除此之外,筆者也提到了shriffin的觀點(diǎn),“與其說家長式作風(fēng)是對于一個(gè)國家利益的干涉不如說是對其自主自決的干涉”,也就是將家長主義與尊重國家自治聯(lián)系在一起。進(jìn)一步說,我們不能簡單地因?yàn)槲覀兂姓J(rèn)一些帶有家長式作風(fēng)的國際準(zhǔn)則,就去侵犯一個(gè)獨(dú)立國家的自治權(quán)。不過,尊重他國自治運(yùn)動是有代價(jià)的,哪怕他國行為不是出于維護(hù)自治權(quán),或者他國自治運(yùn)動進(jìn)程受到了本國居民的支持。本文第三章主要就法非關(guān)系以及達(dá)成的關(guān)于建設(shè)和平的倡議進(jìn)行研究。實(shí)際上,建設(shè)和平的倡議已經(jīng)被實(shí)施并逐漸暴露出其缺點(diǎn)與不足。即使在后殖民時(shí)代,法國仍對非洲保留著濃厚的興趣,尤其是馬里、加蓬、科特迪瓦和中非共和國這樣的法語國家。法國與非洲曾經(jīng)的殖民與被殖民關(guān)系一直延續(xù)到了后殖民時(shí)代,并為法國在非洲動亂沖突后的再介入提供了條件。這是牽扯到政治、社會、道德問題并一直以來困擾著國際社會的議題。在分析和敘述具體事件時(shí),我會提及2013年中非過渡政府的情況,我也會有引用一些在此之前發(fā)生的事情來支撐我的觀點(diǎn)。本文研究發(fā)現(xiàn),法國的介入源于其在非洲作為前殖民者的歷史,以及它所宣傳的人道主義情懷。與此同時(shí),這些因素在人道和仁慈的幌子下可能會阻礙和平進(jìn)程。因此,在本文的后半段將進(jìn)一步指出建設(shè)和平進(jìn)程中的家長式作風(fēng)是由國際結(jié)構(gòu)與體系建構(gòu)的。我們常說“若沒有法國的干預(yù),發(fā)生在中非共和國的暴力會發(fā)展到何種規(guī)�！�,然而,正是這種“拯救受助者于水深火熱”的敘述使家長式作風(fēng)演變?yōu)榈湫土钊诵欧男袨椤４祟悢⑹轮皇钦瞻嵋恍┘议L主義者對自身合法性證明的結(jié)論,他們將自己強(qiáng)制干預(yù)他國國內(nèi)事務(wù)視為應(yīng)承擔(dān)的義務(wù),甚至到了夸張他們自身幸福指數(shù)的程度。2016年,以新民選中非總統(tǒng)福斯坦-阿爾尚熱·圖瓦德拉為首的新一屆政府宣布在維護(hù)統(tǒng)一的基礎(chǔ)上,建立國家機(jī)構(gòu),使國家脫離沖突,走向國家復(fù)興與發(fā)展。雖然轉(zhuǎn)折后的局勢會出現(xiàn)怎樣的變化仍有待觀察。我們有必要探索一切解決上述問題的潛在障礙。其中一個(gè)重要障礙就是當(dāng)前發(fā)生的事件以及現(xiàn)有的機(jī)制都普遍帶有家長式的行為。國家主要機(jī)構(gòu)還沒有建立、政府權(quán)力也還未從之前的暴利壟斷中恢復(fù)正常,裁軍裁軍、復(fù)員與再安置(DDR)項(xiàng)目遙遙無期。建設(shè)和平的社會凝聚力不是由一個(gè)個(gè)社區(qū)所決定的,軍隊(duì)才是至關(guān)重要的因素,因此必須賦予像軍隊(duì)這樣重要機(jī)構(gòu)以合法權(quán)力。雖然擁有世界上最先進(jìn)的部隊(duì)之一的法國駐守班吉(中非共和國首都,但是中非共和國在維護(hù)安全上多年來一直收效甚微。正是這種虛偽的安全感使中非共和國逐漸犧牲了國家自身的發(fā)展的自主權(quán)。本文還將提出一些建設(shè)性建議:在涵蓋著眾多國際或地區(qū)行為體的國際社會中,我們需要在沖突后國家的建設(shè)和平項(xiàng)目上構(gòu)造一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)性平衡。這種結(jié)構(gòu)平衡包括平等的伙伴關(guān)系,準(zhǔn)確的說是在國際機(jī)構(gòu)與地區(qū)機(jī)構(gòu)之間建立平等的合作關(guān)系,以此創(chuàng)造更具包容性的,靈動的和平進(jìn)程,并達(dá)到有效的建設(shè)和平以及最終長期的積極和平。最后,本文將指出一個(gè)建設(shè)和平進(jìn)程的混合模式是有可能的。國際社會作為外部參與者擁有的豐富的資源;同時(shí),非洲區(qū)域作為內(nèi)部要素,已經(jīng)形成長期動蕩后渴求消除沖突的共鳴,因此,所有參與者在解決沖突建設(shè)和平問題上都將發(fā)揮難以替代的作用。
[Abstract]:Peace and security in Africa have been an important issue in the international community. However, the in-depth study of the situation in Africa after the conflict has developed slowly. The international community still needs to provide more effective methods for the construction and maintenance of its peace and stability. There is an urgent need to assess the challenges of paternalistic international actors to the peace process in Africa and to explore how these challenges are formed. In the introduction, the author introduces the theme of this paper, outlines the progress of peace building in Africa, and uses the post conflict era of the Central African Republic as a case. The main point of this article is that in the process of building peace, the patriarchal style of national actors is becoming a barrier to long-term sustainable peace. In the Central African Republic, for example, in most of the twentieth Century and twenty-first Century, it is still difficult to guarantee peace. The purpose of this study is to solve the following problems: first, to promote the law What is the patriarchal style of a state acting as a state actor in the peace building after the conflict in the Central African Republic? Secondly, how is the paternalistic style impeding the building of a lasting peace? The first part of the article states some concepts, especially the concept of peace building and its conceptualization, and reviewed. The literature and examples of the concept of building peace and paternalism style, deep exploring the definition of peace building and paternalism in different contexts, and some obstacles that Africa has experienced in international relations. On the basis of the strategy of "free peace building", the main actors of regional and world peace building have put forward a "free peace building" framework to establish the overall goal to avoid the recurrence of violent conflicts and to help developing countries by stimulating the economy and creating a security environment. There is an urgent need for a state of lasting peace in African countries. In the recent literature, the concept of effective peace building depends on the years, in which the concept of contemporary freedom of building peace and conflict transformation is shaped by practical practice and experience. Although free peace building seems to have become a panacea for African countries, it is a good idea for African countries. In terms of future upgrades, free peace building is still open to discussion. The literature on paternalistic humanitarian intervention and assistance tends to focus on the analysis of international power system structure, that is, the state of dissymmetry between the intervener and the aid recipient in the power relationship. At the same time, the international intervention is relative to the backwardness of the recipient countries. The most advanced professional knowledge and technology needed for the progress and development of human beings are often misunderstood as arrogant. The external ideas imposed by the interventionist and the neglect of local knowledge and ideas are considered as obstacles to the realization of a positive peace strategy. The conceptual framework of this article is based on the paternalistic style. In this article, paternalism is placed at the international level and on the humanitarian level, so this article quotes Barnett's definition of paternalism - "in accordance with the consideration of others, an actor tries to use his opinion instead of another." in addition, the author also refers to the view of shriffin. Paternalism is less interference in the interests of a country than an interference in self-determination, "that is, to associate paternalism with respect for national autonomy. Further, we cannot simply infringe on the autonomy of an independent state because we recognize some of the international norms with paternalism. The third chapter of this article is mainly about the relationship between France, Africa and the peace building initiative. In fact, the peace building initiative has been implemented and is gradually violent. Even in the post colonial era, France retained a strong interest in Africa, especially the French countries such as Mali, Gabon, Cote d'Ivoire and the Central African Republic. France and Africa had been colonized and colonized by France to the post colonialism, and were re involved in the conflict between France and Africa. It provides the conditions. This is a political, social, moral problem and has been a problem that has plagued the international community. In analyzing and describing specific events, I will refer to the situation of the Central African transitional government in 2013, and I will also refer to some of the events that have occurred earlier to support my view. The history of its former colonialists in Africa and the humanitarian feelings it publicized. At the same time, these factors may hinder the peace process under the guise of humanity and benevolence. Therefore, in the second half of this article, it will be further pointed out that the patriarchal style of the peace building process is constructed by the international structure and system. We often say that "Without the intervention of France, what scale of violence will occur in the Central African Republic", however, it is this kind of "save the victims in a hot" narrative that makes paternalism a typical and convincing act. In.2016, the new government, headed by the non president, foran alaja fever and twadaja, announced the establishment of a national institution on the basis of the maintenance of unity to make the state out of conflict and to the national revival. It is necessary to explore all the potential obstacles to the above problems. One of the major obstacles is that the current events and the existing mechanisms are generally paternalistic. The state's main machinery has not yet been established, and the power of the government has not yet been taken from it. The former profit monopoly is restored to normal, disarmament disarmament, demobilization and resettlement (DDR) projects are far away. The social cohesion of peace building is not determined by the community, the army is a crucial factor, so it must be given to the important institutions such as the army to join the law, although it has one of the most advanced forces in the world. France is stationed in Bangui, the capital of the Central African Republic, but the Central African Republic has been very effective in maintaining security for many years. It is the hypocrisy of this sense of security that has made the Central African Republic gradually sacrifice the autonomy of its own development. This article will also propose some constructive suggestions: the international community, which covers a large number of international or regional actors. In the meeting, we need to build a structural balance in the post conflict countries' peace building projects, which include equal partnerships and, precisely, to create an equal partnership between international and regional institutions in order to create a more inclusive and flexible peace process and to achieve effective peace building. And ultimately, a long-term positive peace. Finally, this article will point out that a mixed model of a peace building process is possible. The international community has rich resources as an external participant; at the same time, the African region, as an internal element, has formed a longing for the resonance of the elimination of conflicts after a long period of turbulence. Therefore, all participants are in conflict with the conflict. The issue of peacebuilding will play an irreplaceable role.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D746.2;D856.5

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