本文選題：美國 + 蘇聯(lián)　； 參考：《陜西師范大學(xué)》2012年碩士論文

【摘要】：本文旨在研究尼克松—福特政府對蘇聯(lián)的糧食貿(mào)易政策,評析這兩屆政府政策的成果與缺陷。尼克松上任后,國際局勢發(fā)生了重大變化,美國開始調(diào)整對外經(jīng)濟戰(zhàn)略,在糧食貿(mào)易上對蘇聯(lián)實施自由化政策。不僅廢除了糧食出口特別許可證和肯尼迪政府的糧食運輸限制,而且和蘇聯(lián)率先在農(nóng)產(chǎn)品出口問題上達(dá)成協(xié)議。從1972年起,蘇聯(lián)開始成為美國糧食的長期主顧,對美國國內(nèi)經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)生了一定影響。糧食貿(mào)易聯(lián)系引起了兩國政府的重視。1975年,福特政府和蘇聯(lián)就這一問題重新作出安排,規(guī)范了雙方此后的糧食往來。目前國內(nèi)關(guān)于冷戰(zhàn)期間糧食問題的研究大多集中在美國的援助政策上,對于美蘇糧食貿(mào)易論述的還相對較少。而這之中介紹性的偏多,進(jìn)行政策分析的很少。本文主要以美國近幾年公開的外交文件、備忘錄、報告等檔案為依據(jù),在借鑒國內(nèi)外相關(guān)研究成果的基礎(chǔ)上,力圖將70年代前半期美蘇的糧食貿(mào)易問題置于東西方冷戰(zhàn)的大背景下進(jìn)行分析,以期揭示美國對蘇糧食政策由直接遏制轉(zhuǎn)向間接遏制的實質(zhì)。 本文由緒論、正文和結(jié)語構(gòu)成,其中正文共分為四個部分。 第一部分簡述了尼克松上臺前美國政府對蘇聯(lián)的糧食政策,主要涉及冷戰(zhàn)前期的糧食出口特別許可證和美蘇首次糧食對話時肯尼迪設(shè)定運輸限制這兩方面。力圖說明雙方的經(jīng)濟交往不僅取決于各自的發(fā)展需要,而且受制于當(dāng)時活躍的冷戰(zhàn)思維。 第二部分具體論述了尼克松上任后對外戰(zhàn)略的調(diào)整和美蘇糧食貿(mào)易重啟的過程及影響。首先,以國際局勢轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榍腥朦c分析了美國調(diào)整對蘇貿(mào)易政策的背景和內(nèi)容,并且從全球糧食狀況特別是蘇聯(lián)現(xiàn)實國情、美國農(nóng)業(yè)利益集團(tuán)和美農(nóng)業(yè)部長厄爾·布茨宣揚自由市場理念三個方面著重論述了美國重新向蘇聯(lián)打開糧食大門的原因。其次,依托檔案資料概述了1972年美蘇糧食談判的過程,并且簡要介紹了蘇聯(lián)的搶糧活動和美國農(nóng)業(yè)部對此的反應(yīng)。最后,就搶購引發(fā)美國國內(nèi)糧食通貨膨脹,繼而實施對大豆、棉籽等農(nóng)產(chǎn)品的出口禁運進(jìn)行了剖析,并且在以上論述的基礎(chǔ)上總結(jié)了美蘇糧食貿(mào)易重啟的影響。 第三部分概述了1974-1975年蘇聯(lián)兩次向美國購買糧食時福特政府的應(yīng)對措施,著重敘述了1975年由國務(wù)院主導(dǎo)的美蘇糧食協(xié)定的談判歷程和最終結(jié)果。通過對比尼克松政府的應(yīng)對措施,展示這一時期聯(lián)邦政策的新特點,即謹(jǐn)慎地對待糧食出口問題,逐漸使蘇聯(lián)成為一個有規(guī)律的買主。這之中美國試圖運用糧食武器力壓蘇聯(lián),使其在石油價格上作出讓步。然而,蘇聯(lián)并不同意將小麥與石油掛鉤,美蘇只是單就糧食貿(mào)易簽訂了協(xié)議。 第四部分評析了尼克松—福特政府對蘇聯(lián)糧食貿(mào)易政策的成果與缺陷。在前文的基礎(chǔ)上辯證地評判了兩屆政府的政策,包括促進(jìn)了有限緩和的發(fā)展、緩解了國內(nèi)的部分問題、僵化地應(yīng)用聯(lián)系原則和政策的制定缺乏前瞻性等。
[Abstract]:The purpose of this paper is to study the grain trade policy of the Nixon Ford government to the Soviet Union and evaluate the achievements and defects of the two government policies. After Nixon took office, the international situation had changed greatly. The United States began to adjust its foreign economic strategy and implemented the policy of self modernization to the Soviet Union in the grain trade. It has not only abolished the special license for grain exports. From the 1972, the Soviet Union began to become a long-term patronage of the United States grain and had a certain impact on the American domestic economy since 1972. The relationship between the two countries has attracted the attention of the two governments for.1975 years, and the Ford government and the Soviet Union asked this question. At present, most of the domestic research on the grain problem during the cold war is focused on the American policy of aid, and the discussion on the US and the Soviet Union is relatively small. On the basis of the foreign documents, memos and reports, and on the basis of the relevant research results at home and abroad, the paper tries to analyze the grain trade of the United States and the Soviet Union in the first half of the 70s under the cold war between the East and the west, in order to reveal the essence of the American Soviet policy of grain from direct containment to indirect containment.
This article is composed of the introduction, the main body and the conclusion. The body is divided into four parts.
The first part briefly describes the food policy of the United States government to the Soviet Union before Nixon came to power, mainly involving the two aspects of the special license for grain export in the early cold war and the set of transport restrictions by Kennedy during the first grain dialogue between the United States and the Soviet Union. The Cold War mentality.
The second part expounds the process and influence of the adjustment of foreign strategy and the restarting of the US and the Soviet Union's grain trade after Nixon took office. First, the background and content of the adjustment of the United States to the Soviet trade policy are analyzed with the change of the international situation as the breakthrough point, and from the global grain status, especially the reality of the Soviet Union, the American agricultural interest group He Meinong Earl Butz, the Minister of industry, advocated three aspects of the free market concept, and discussed the reasons for the United States to reopen the grain gate to the Soviet Union. Secondly, it summarized the process of the 1972 grain negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union, and briefly introduced the Soviet Union's food robbing activities and the response of the US Department of agriculture to this. Internal grain inflation, and then the implementation of the export of soybean, cottonseed and other agricultural products export embargo was analyzed, and on the basis of the above discussion, the effect of the restarting of the United States and Soviet grain trade was summarized.
The third part outlines the Countermeasures of the Ford government when the Soviet Union buys food from the United States for the two time in the 1974-1975 year, and emphasizes the course of negotiation and the final result of the 1975 food agreement between the United States and the Soviet Union, which is dominated by the State Council. By comparing the Countermeasures of the Nixon administration, the new characteristics of the federal policy in this period are shown, that is to treat grain carefully. The issue of exports has gradually made the Soviet Union a regular buyer. The United States is trying to use grain weapons to press the Soviet Union to make concessions on oil prices. However, the Soviet Union did not agree to link wheat to oil, and the US and the Soviet Union only signed an agreement on the grain trade alone.
The fourth part reviews the achievements and defects of the Nixon Ford government on the policy of the Soviet Union's grain trade. On the basis of the previous article, the policy of the two government is judged dialectically, including the promotion of the development of the limited ease, the relief of some problems at home, the lack of forward-looking application of the principles and policies.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類號】：D871.2

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