本文選題：中國 + 和平發(fā)展�。� 參考：《中共中央黨�！�2010年博士論文

【摘要】： 中國和平發(fā)展論源自對“中國威脅論”的駁斥,將來來源于現(xiàn)實,現(xiàn)實來源于過去,對過去的不正確認(rèn)識必然造成對現(xiàn)在和將來的錯誤判斷。民族、國家與戰(zhàn)爭都是在人類文明發(fā)展中出現(xiàn)的,具有產(chǎn)生、演進(jìn)和終結(jié)的階段性,屬于歷史的范疇。用歷史主義的眼光審視國家與戰(zhàn)爭、和平的關(guān)系問題,不失為嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、全面和科學(xué)。探討中國和平發(fā)展的問題就是這樣一個歷史研究的議程。 首先,應(yīng)探尋中國和西方在彼此交往互動之前的自身文明特質(zhì)和對外關(guān)系特征,由于中西文明的自然環(huán)境差異和開始定居農(nóng)業(yè)的時代差異,古代西方形成了以私有制為主要特征的經(jīng)濟(jì)社會結(jié)構(gòu),古代中國則形成了以公有制為主要特征的經(jīng)濟(jì)社會結(jié)構(gòu)。具體的物質(zhì)實踐方式創(chuàng)造具體的政治文化。在西方以私有制為主體的經(jīng)濟(jì)社會中,個體利益難以從人人平等的契約社會中獲得擴(kuò)張,只能向本社會之外的地域?qū)で髷U(kuò)張,而在以公有制為主體的古代中國經(jīng)濟(jì)社會中,個體利益常常在協(xié)作式生產(chǎn)生活的家族、宗族中就可實現(xiàn),于是鑄就古代中國不崇武力的和合文化。同時,古代中國的主體民族和少數(shù)民族之間還形成了以文化為主軸的華夷互變關(guān)系,這種華夷關(guān)系使中華民族具備了開放性的民族品格。 中西兩大文明自近代交匯碰撞后,中西之間的互動進(jìn)程中形成了三大樞紐。歷史時間樞紐意指中國對來自西方的沖擊產(chǎn)生了一種“乘數(shù)反應(yīng)機(jī)制”,國際政治樞紐意指中國與西方大國的互動使國家與國家相互敵視的國際無政府狀態(tài)的內(nèi)涵發(fā)生了擴(kuò)展和轉(zhuǎn)化,社會結(jié)構(gòu)樞紐意指中國與西方大國的內(nèi)部社會結(jié)構(gòu)的程度不同的改善使雙方的利益需求和對外政策發(fā)生了非擴(kuò)張的時代進(jìn)化和時代轉(zhuǎn)換。 古代中國的外交是王朝政治的附屬物,但進(jìn)入近代以后,外交成為決定中國社會發(fā)展的主要因素之一。晚清時期的中西關(guān)系是中西對抗和中國失敗的交錯過程,兩者交錯反映了近代中西民族沖突的矛盾心態(tài)。中西沖突促成了中華民族的覺醒,阻止了西方列強(qiáng)對中國的瓜分,推動了民族主權(quán)國家在中國的建立。民國時期外交吸取了晚清外交的經(jīng)驗教訓(xùn),受西方思想文化影響,民國政府借助西方的外交理念和條約制度等和平手段維系了中國在國際社會中的存在與發(fā)展,同時民國政府又采取聯(lián)盟、均勢等現(xiàn)實主義國際戰(zhàn)略構(gòu)筑了反擊日本帝國主義的國際陣線,挽救了中華民族的歷史命運,也將中國的國際地位提高到了近代以來的最高點。 人民共和國前二十年是一個對外戰(zhàn)略起伏巨大、變遷迅速的時期,1950年代的“一邊倒”戰(zhàn)略使中國借助社會主義陣營的力量取得了相對于西方大國的力量均衡,中國因此得以避免與西方的大規(guī)模武裝沖突。1960年代的“兩個拳頭打人”戰(zhàn)略固然為中國贏得了完全獨立自主的主權(quán)國家形象,但也使中國付出了巨大代價,當(dāng)時的窘迫形勢推動了1970年代初對外戰(zhàn)略的深幅調(diào)整。 人民共和國的第二個二十年是對外戰(zhàn)略深度調(diào)整的時期。1970年代中國結(jié)束了兩面出擊的對外戰(zhàn)略,與美國關(guān)系出現(xiàn)解凍并走向建交,中國在該時期與西方國家的關(guān)系逐漸走向正常國家間關(guān)系,西方世界自此對中國逐漸開啟了和平之門。到了1980年代,美攻蘇守的國際態(tài)勢和中國自身實力的增長使獨立自主的外交政策成為中國的最佳對外戰(zhàn)略,同時中國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層既對歷史經(jīng)驗作了深刻總結(jié),又對現(xiàn)實世勢作了全面審視,得出了世界大戰(zhàn)可以避免的重要結(jié)論,果斷對中國外交作出了以和平為主體的全新調(diào)整。從此開啟了中國和平發(fā)展的國家前進(jìn)方向。
[Abstract]:The theory of China's peaceful development derives from the refutation of the "Chinese threat theory". The future comes from reality, the reality comes from the past, and the incorrect understanding of the past inevitably leads to the wrong judgment of the present and the future. The question of the relationship between the state and the war and the peace is rigorous, comprehensive and scientific. The issue of China's peaceful development is the agenda of such a historical study.
First, we should explore the cultural and external relations between China and the west before the interaction and interaction between China and the West. Because of the differences in the natural environment of the Chinese and Western civilizations and the differences in the age of the beginning of the settlement of agriculture, the ancient West has formed the economic and social structure characterized by private ownership, and the ancient China has formed the main characteristics of the public ownership system. The economic and social structure, the concrete way of material practice creates a specific political culture. In the economic society which is the main body of private ownership in the west, the individual interests are difficult to expand from the equal contract society, and can only seek expansion from the region outside the society, and in the ancient Chinese economic society with the public ownership as the main body, The body interests are often realized in the family and clan of the cooperative production and life, thus forming the ancient China which does not worship the force of force. At the same time, the relationship between the main and the minority nationalities in ancient China has formed the relationship between the Chinese and the Yi with culture as the main axis, which has made the Chinese nation have an open national character.
After the collision of the two great civilizations between China and the west, three hubs formed in the process of interaction between China and the West. The historical time hub means that China has produced a "multiplier reaction mechanism" for the impact from the West. The international political hub means that the interaction between China and the Western powers makes the international anarchy of the state and the state hostile to each other. The connotation of the society has been expanded and transformed. The social structure hub means that the improvement of the internal social structure between China and the Western powers makes the demand for interest and foreign policy a non expansion of the evolution of the times and the transformation of the times.
The diplomacy of ancient China was an appendage to the dynasty politics, but after entering modern times, diplomacy became one of the main factors that decided the development of Chinese society. The relations between the West and the West in the late Qing Dynasty were the interlacing process of Chinese and Western confrontation and China's failure. The two interlaced reflected the conflict mentality of the modern Chinese and Western conflicts. The awakening, which prevented the Western powers from dividing China into China, promoted the establishment of national sovereign state in China. During the period of the Republic of China, the diplomatic experience and lessons of the late Qing Dynasty were learned, influenced by Western ideology and culture, and the government of the Republic of China maintained the existence and development of China in the international community by means of peaceful means such as the western diplomatic concept and treaty system. At the same time, the government of the Republic of China adopted the alliance and the realist international strategy to build the international front to counter the Japanese imperialism, save the historical fate of the Chinese nation and raise the international status of China to the highest point in modern times.
The first twenty years of the people's Republic was a period of great external strategic fluctuations and rapid changes. The "one-sided" strategy in 1950s made China achieve a balance of strength relative to the Western powers with the strength of the socialist camp. China was able to avoid "two fist punches" in the.1960 years of the armed conflict with the West. "Although the strategy has won a fully independent and sovereign state image for China, it has also paid a huge price for China, when the embarrassing situation promoted the deep adjustment of foreign strategy in the early 1970s.
The second twenty years of the people's Republic is the period of deep adjustment of the foreign strategy. In.1970's period, China ended two foreign strategies. The relations with the United States were thawing and heading for diplomatic relations. China's relations with the western countries were gradually moving towards the normal relations between the countries in this period. The western world has gradually opened the door for peace to China. By the year 1980s, the international situation of the United States and the Soviet Union and the growth of China's own strength made the independent foreign policy the best foreign strategy for China. At the same time, the Chinese leadership has made a profound summary of historical experience and a comprehensive survey of the reality of the world, and draws the important conclusion that the world war can avoid, and it is decisive to China. Diplomacy has made a new adjustment with peace as the main body, and has since opened the direction of China's peaceful development.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中共中央黨校
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類號】：D820

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