本文選題：美國(guó)政治　切入點(diǎn)：政治極化　出處：《國(guó)際關(guān)系學(xué)院》2012年碩士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：所謂“政治極化”，并沒(méi)有一個(gè)準(zhǔn)確的定義。它大概是指：美國(guó)的兩黨，由于意識(shí)形態(tài)層面上的區(qū)別越來(lái)越大，兩黨的“內(nèi)質(zhì)化”越來(lái)越明顯，從而對(duì)政治問(wèn)題的看法的分歧也越來(lái)越大。美國(guó)的政治極化不僅出現(xiàn)在精英層面，也體現(xiàn)在大眾層面，最明顯的表現(xiàn)就是，某黨的支持者的地域分配呈現(xiàn)紅藍(lán)州對(duì)立。政治極化對(duì)美國(guó)政治生活的影響體現(xiàn)在多方面，國(guó)會(huì)投票，政策制定，社會(huì)文化與思潮。本文旨在探討政治極化對(duì)美國(guó)外交政策的影響。 政治極化在美國(guó)并不是一個(gè)新現(xiàn)象。政黨制度誕生之后，兩黨的分歧日趨明顯，在美國(guó)的歷史上產(chǎn)生過(guò)三次嚴(yán)重的極化時(shí)期。分別在南北戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)時(shí)期、十九世紀(jì)末二十世紀(jì)初、羅斯福新政時(shí)期。二戰(zhàn)后到六十年代，極化現(xiàn)象有所好轉(zhuǎn)。然而，從七十年代國(guó)會(huì)改革以來(lái)，美國(guó)政治的極化現(xiàn)象（其中以政黨的極化現(xiàn)象最為典型）再次出現(xiàn)，其對(duì)美國(guó)的政治生活產(chǎn)生了越來(lái)越大的影響，到九十年代之后，冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束，政治極化程度迅速加大，雖然從小布什到奧巴馬都表示有意要緩解兩黨矛盾。但是實(shí)際上，政治極化程度反而有愈演愈烈之勢(shì)。 本文認(rèn)為，，冷戰(zhàn)后的內(nèi)外環(huán)境的新變化致使美國(guó)的政治極化現(xiàn)象進(jìn)一步加深。而導(dǎo)致極化出現(xiàn)的深層原因有如下幾點(diǎn)（1）七十年代之后不斷出現(xiàn)的選民重組，導(dǎo)致政黨的內(nèi)部化加強(qiáng)。（2）美國(guó)的選舉制度導(dǎo)致了國(guó)會(huì)中安全區(qū)的增多。（3）兩黨在傳統(tǒng)道德以及社會(huì)問(wèn)題的分歧的加深。 政治極化的加劇會(huì)對(duì)美國(guó)公共政策的制定產(chǎn)生影響，其影響的形式主要是，占據(jù)國(guó)會(huì)的一黨對(duì)總統(tǒng)的設(shè)定議程采取“不合作”的態(tài)度，利用反對(duì)的權(quán)力阻擊和拖延總統(tǒng)設(shè)定的法案。 政治極化對(duì)于外交決策的影響，與影響公共政策的制定相似。都是以國(guó)會(huì)動(dòng)用否決性權(quán)力，總統(tǒng)推翻該否決。在否決性權(quán)力中，國(guó)會(huì)多運(yùn)用其掌握的“錢(qián)袋權(quán)”和審查權(quán)。本文選舉了三個(gè)比較有代表性的例子來(lái)探討極化現(xiàn)象對(duì)美國(guó)外交決策的影響：伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的撥款問(wèn)題、克林頓時(shí)期的對(duì)外援助問(wèn)題、國(guó)會(huì)的給予中國(guó)最惠國(guó)待遇的審查問(wèn)題。 對(duì)于美國(guó)的政治極化現(xiàn)象，美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)很早就開(kāi)始重視并予以反思。雖然美國(guó)政治極化現(xiàn)象，暫時(shí)還沒(méi)有緩解的趨勢(shì)，但從長(zhǎng)期角度上看，本文認(rèn)為嚴(yán)重政治極化現(xiàn)象不可能長(zhǎng)期存在下去。與對(duì)內(nèi)影響相比，政治極化對(duì)外交決策的影響相對(duì)較小。 最后本文認(rèn)為極化現(xiàn)象是任何政黨制度國(guó)家都必然出現(xiàn)的一種客觀(guān)規(guī)律。任何國(guó)家都不能試圖回避，而應(yīng)該面對(duì)這一問(wèn)題。
[Abstract]:The so-called "political polarization" does not have a precise definition. It probably means that the two parties in the United States are becoming more and more "endomorphic" because of the growing ideological differences between the two parties. As a result, there is a growing divergence of views on political issues. The political polarization of the United States appears not only at the elite level, but also at the mass level, the most obvious manifestation of which is that. The geographical distribution of supporters of a certain party presents a red and blue state opposition. The impact of political polarization on the political life of the United States is reflected in many ways, with congressional votes and policy formulation. The purpose of this paper is to explore the influence of political polarization on American foreign policy. Political polarization is not a new phenomenon in the United States. Since the birth of the political party system, the differences between the two parties have become increasingly obvious, and there have been three serious periods of polarization in the history of the United States. During Roosevelt's New deal period, polarization improved from World War II to 60s. However, since the congressional reform in 70s, political polarization in the United States (the most typical of which is the polarization of political parties) has resurfaced. It has had a growing impact on political life in the United States. After the end of the Cold War in 90s, political polarization increased rapidly, although both Bush and Obama expressed their intention to ease the conflict between the two parties. On the contrary, the degree of political polarization is becoming more and more intense. This paper argues that the new changes in the internal and external environment after the Cold War have further deepened the political polarization in the United States. The election system in the United States has led to an increase in the number of safe areas in Congress) and the deepening of differences between the two parties on traditional moral and social issues. The intensification of political polarization will have an impact on the formulation of public policy in the United States, mainly in the form of a "non-cooperative" attitude of the one-party occupying Congress towards the president's set agenda. Use the power of opposition to block and delay bills set by the president. The influence of political polarization on foreign policy decisions is similar to that of public policy... In which Congress exercises veto power, the president overturns it. This paper elects three more representative examples to discuss the impact of polarization on US diplomatic decision-making: the issue of funding for the Iraq War, the issue of foreign aid during the Clinton period, Parliament's examination of China's MFN status. The phenomenon of political polarization in the United States has long been taken seriously and reflected on in the United States. Although the phenomenon of political polarization in the United States has not been alleviated for the time being, in the long run, This paper holds that the phenomenon of serious political polarization cannot exist for a long time. Compared with the internal influence, the influence of political polarization on diplomatic decision-making is relatively small. Finally, this paper holds that polarization is an inevitable objective law in any country with political party system, and no country can try to avoid it, but should face this problem.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：國(guó)際關(guān)系學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2012
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D871.2

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