本文關(guān)鍵詞：美國國內(nèi)圍繞《京都議定書》的爭論分析（1997-1998），由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。

        20世紀末，日益頻繁的極端氣候現(xiàn)象引發(fā)的洪水、干旱、高溫等災害引發(fā)了世界各國的普遍關(guān)注。多數(shù)研究表明，造成這種現(xiàn)象的原因在于人類活動排放的溫室氣體導致的全球變暖。鑒于氣候問題的全球性特點，各國很難僅在本國范圍內(nèi)展開治理，于是，在知識界與社會輿論積極呼吁下，開展國際合作應對氣候變化成為擺在世界各國面前的關(guān)鍵選擇。1992年5月，聯(lián)合國通過了《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》，該條約旨在應對全球變暖給世界各國帶來的不利影響。同年六月，聯(lián)合國環(huán)境與發(fā)展大會在巴西里約熱內(nèi)盧召開，共有154個國家簽署了《公約》。此后，經(jīng)歷柏林、日內(nèi)瓦兩屆締約方會議，與會各國認識到，必須盡快制定一項明確如何采取行動的議定書。在1997年日本京都舉行的《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》締約方會議上，參會各國經(jīng)過激烈談判，最終制定了《京都議定書》。該條約圍繞“共同而有區(qū)別的責任”原則建立了“清潔發(fā)展機制”，為實現(xiàn)節(jié)能減排的目標進行了創(chuàng)造性的制度設(shè)計，得到了國際社會多數(shù)成員的認可。美國的政治結(jié)構(gòu)要求條約須經(jīng)參議院審議通過方能生效，，在《京都議定書》談判開始之前，參議院即對這一條約表現(xiàn)出強烈的反對意見，聲稱簽署該條約將對美國的經(jīng)濟發(fā)展造成嚴重的損害。1997年6月25日美國參議院通過了“伯德·哈格爾決議”，要求美國政府不得簽署作出強制減排承諾的條約，從而杜絕了《京都議定書》獲得批準的可能。環(huán)保議題在美國國內(nèi)一直具有較好的民意基礎(chǔ)，克林頓政府也將環(huán)保作為爭取國內(nèi)支持和外交主導地位的重要領(lǐng)域。在《京都議定書》談判中，美國副總統(tǒng)戈爾為協(xié)議的最終達成做出積極努力。但是，鑒于美國參議院對于該條約的態(tài)度，美國政府僅僅象征性對《京都議定書》簽了字，而未提交參議院討論。美國的這種消極態(tài)度對實現(xiàn)該條約設(shè)定的目標構(gòu)成了重大打擊；為美國日后最終退出《京都議定書》埋下了伏筆；并在國際社會制造了一個消極對待《京都議定書》的范例。美國國內(nèi)對于《京都議定書》的爭論來自于不同群體代表的不同立場和觀點。美國的環(huán)保理念起源于19世紀的城市衛(wèi)生清潔運動，經(jīng)過一個多世紀的普及與發(fā)展，美國社會樹立起普遍的環(huán)保意識，并形成了許多全國規(guī)模的環(huán)保團體，構(gòu)成了《京都議定書》的堅定支持者。由于獨特的歷史和文化傳統(tǒng)，美國形成了獨具特色的理想價值觀念。源自獨立斗爭中形成的自由主義和早期移民的新教精神共同構(gòu)成了美國價值的基石，在其影響下，美國價值觀中的一些意識形態(tài)成為影響其外交政策的重要因素，使美國的外交政策在伍德羅·威爾遜后表現(xiàn)出鮮明的理想主義特征。同時，出于保持美國在環(huán)境外交領(lǐng)域主導權(quán)的考慮，美國政府在《京都議定書》的談判中表現(xiàn)出積極的態(tài)度。與此相對，在美國價值觀中的實用主義觀念的影響下，美國社會也出現(xiàn)了一些反環(huán)保團體。他們從經(jīng)濟角度出發(fā)，認為《京都議定書》的強制減排承諾可能對美國經(jīng)濟造成嚴重影響�！毒┒甲h定書》的目標設(shè)定也與美國石油化工等制造業(yè)集團的利益發(fā)生了沖突，在反對者將置于《京都議定書》與美國經(jīng)濟利益對立面的情況下，我們從美國參議院“伯德·哈格爾決議”出臺前后的討論可以看出，《京都議定書》的反對者正是通過雙重心理暗示這樣的策略，引導多數(shù)參議員的意見走向了反面。從美國國內(nèi)對《京都議定書》的爭論可以看出，在其分權(quán)制政治體制下，外交政策的制定實際是一個多方利益碰撞的過程。盡管有環(huán)保主義者的支持和理想主義外交的傳統(tǒng)，美國最終將經(jīng)濟利益作為制定環(huán)境外交政策的首要考慮因素。由此可以看出這一時期美國環(huán)境外交經(jīng)濟至上的特征，為我們更好的理解美國外交政策特征提供參考。

    At the end of20th century， the increasingly frequent extreme weatherphenomena such as floods, drought, high temperature disaster attracted the attentionof all the countries in the world. Most studies show that this phenomenon was due tothe global warming caused by greenhouse gases from human activity emissions. Inview of the global characteristics of the climate problem, it’s hard to manage onlywithin the scope of each nation. As a result, under the appeal of intellectual circlesand public opinion. international cooperation on climate change became the keyselection to the world.In may1992, the UN published the ‘United Nations Framework Convention onClimate Change’. This treaty aims to manage the adverse consequences brought byglobal warming for all countries. In June, the United Nations Conference onEnvironment and Development held in Rio de Janeiro Brazil. There are154countriessigned the treaty. Since then, after two sessions of the conference of the Parties inBerlin and Geneva, the participating states recognized the need to develop a protocolto make clear how to take action as soon as possible.In the meeting of the parties to ‘United Nations Framework Convention onClimate Change’ held in Kyoto Japan1997, the ‘Kyoto Protocol’ was drawn up afterintense negotiations. This treaty built the ‘clean development mechanism’ based onthe regulation of ‘common but differentiated responsibility’. It makes creative designfor the goal of energy conservation and emission reduction so that the treaty endorsedby most members of the international community.According to the political structure of the United States, diplomatic treaties mustgo through the Senate to take effect. Before the negotiations on the Kyoto Protocol,The US Senate has shown strong opposition to this treaty. The senators declared thatsigning the treaty would cause serious harm to the economic growth of the UnitedStates On June25,1997the Senate adopted the ‘Byrd-Hagel Resolution’, which required the US government not to sign the treaties making mandatory promise onemission reduction. Therefore, there is no probability of the approval of the KyotoProtocol.The environmental issues always have good public opinion in the United States.Meanwhile, the Clinton administration takes the environmental protection asimportant areas to endeavor the domestic support and dominance of diplomatic.During the negotiations on the Kyoto Protocol, the Vice President Al Gore madepositive efforts to reach an agreement. However, In view of the attitude of the UnitedStates Senate to the treaty, the United States government didn’t submit it to the Senatefor discussion but just signed the Kyoto Protocol symbolically. The negative attitudeof the United States constitutes a damaging blow to the target set by the treaty. It alsolaid the groundwork for the United States withdraw from the Kyoto Protocol in thefuture. In addition, it created a negative example of negative to the Kyoto Protocol inthe international community.The argument about the Kyoto Protocol came from different positions and viewsof the representatives of different groups in the United States. The environmentalprotection concept of U.S. originated in the19th century urban sanitation and hygienecampaigns. After more than a century of popularization and development, Americansociety have established a common environmental awareness and many national scaleenvironmental groups. They are firm supporters of the Kyoto Protocol.Due to its unique historical and cultural traditions, the United States have formeda unique concept of value. Liberalism originate from the struggle for theindependence and protestant spirit of the early settlers together constitute thecornerstone of American values. Under its influence, some ideology in the Americanvalues become important factors affecting its foreign policy, It makes United Statesforeign policy show a distinct characteristics of idealism after the administration ofWoodrow Wilson. Meanwhile, in order to keep the leading position ofenvironmental diplomacy, the United States government was positive during thenegotiation of the Kyoto Protocol.In contrast, under the influence of pragmatism concept in American values, there were some anti-environmental groups in American society. They believed thatcommitments under the Kyoto Protocol’s mandatory cuts could have a serious impacton the US economy from an economic point of view. The goals of the Kyoto Protocolalso clashed with interest of the American manufacturing industries such aspetrochemical group. In the situation that the opponent put the Kyoto Protocol to theopposite of the US economic interests. As we can see from the discussion before andafter ‘Byrd-Hagel Resolution’ in the United States Senate. It is the opponents of theKyoto Protocol leads the views of the majority of the senators to the other sidethrough the strategy of double psychological implications.From the debate on the Kyoto Protocol in the U.S, we can see in its decentralizedpolitical system, foreign policy is the result of the collision of multi-stakeholder. Inspite of support from environmentalists and idealistic tradition of foreign affairs,eventually the United States selected economic interests as paramount considerationin the development of environmental foreign policy. This shows that characteristics ofthe economic supremacy in the US environmental foreign policy during this period.This could provide us a better understanding of the characteristics of Americanforeign policy.

美國國內(nèi)圍繞《京都議定書》的爭論分析（1997-1998）

內(nèi)容摘要4-6Abstract6-8緒論10-15第1章 《京都議定書》產(chǎn)生的背景及其制度安排15-21    1.1 氣候變化引發(fā)的全球環(huán)境治理需求15-17    1.2 《聯(lián)合國氣候變化框架公約》締約方會議談判歷程17-19    1.3 《京都議定書》治理環(huán)境問題之道：共同而有區(qū)別的責任19-21第2章 美國國內(nèi)對《京都議定書》的爭論及其影響21-27    2.1 克林頓政府對《京都議定書》的態(tài)度21-22    2.2 美國參議院對《京都議定書》的爭論22-24    2.3 美國社會關(guān)于《京都議定書》的爭論24-25    2.4 美國對待《京都議定書》態(tài)度造成的影響25-27第3章 美國國內(nèi)對《京都議定書》爭論的深層原因27-39    3.1 環(huán)保理念的因素27-30        3.1.1 美國社會環(huán)保觀念的起源27-28        3.1.2 美國社會的環(huán)保組織與環(huán)保運動28-29        3.1.3 美國的環(huán)境保護立法與機構(gòu)29-30    3.2 理想主義文化傳統(tǒng)與環(huán)境外交主導權(quán)的因素30-35        3.2.1 美國理想主義傳統(tǒng)的歷史文化根源30-33        3.2.2 理想主義傳統(tǒng)對美國外交政策的影響33-34        3.2.3 環(huán)境外交主導權(quán)的爭奪34-35    3.3 經(jīng)濟至上理念的因素35-39        3.3.1 美國價值中的實用主義35-36        3.3.2 美國社會的反環(huán)保運動36-37        3.3.3 利益集團與兩黨政治的影響37-38        3.3.4 美國對《京都議定書》條約公平性的質(zhì)疑38-39第4章 結(jié)論39-41參考文獻41-50附錄50-55作者簡介及科研成果55-56致謝56

  本文關(guān)鍵詞：美國國內(nèi)圍繞《京都議定書》的爭論分析（1997-1998），由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。