本文選題：元代　切入點：農(nóng)官　出處：《西北農(nóng)林科技大學》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：中國古代是以農(nóng)立國,以農(nóng)為本的國家,農(nóng)耕文明是中華文明的重要組成部分。設官置職管理農(nóng)業(yè),是中國古代國家鼓勵和推動農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的重要措施。蒙古族是游牧民族,對于農(nóng)耕社會不了解也不重視。隨著統(tǒng)治重心轉(zhuǎn)移到中原漢地,他們也把游牧生產(chǎn)方式和習俗帶進了中原地區(qū)。在其統(tǒng)治初期,國家農(nóng)業(yè)處于停滯狀態(tài),經(jīng)濟的破壞極大的威脅著蒙元統(tǒng)治。蒙古統(tǒng)治者在與漢族地主和漢族知識分子的接觸中逐步認識到“空其野為牧”所帶來的巨大破壞作用,其統(tǒng)治方式也發(fā)生變化,逐漸建立了適應了中原漢地的封建經(jīng)濟和政治的制度。元代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展演變特點具有獨特性。已有研究主要對元代農(nóng)官設置、農(nóng)桑水利、畜牧、救荒、倉儲等的職能進行分析,未能對農(nóng)官的學校、田賦等方面展開研究。本文運用矛盾分析法、文獻研究法與交叉研究法,以制度變遷理論分析元代農(nóng)官制度與元代農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)發(fā)展之間的協(xié)同演變關(guān)系。首先,厘清元朝的農(nóng)業(yè)管理機構(gòu)設置,具體分析元代農(nóng)官職責和工作內(nèi)容以及元代農(nóng)官設置特點。具體來說,設立勸農(nóng)使、司農(nóng)司等職,后被大司農(nóng)司替代,總括管理農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)管理,并依農(nóng)田水利、屯田、畜牧、賑災救荒及常平義倉等具體職能設置中央農(nóng)業(yè)官職體系,在地方設立宣慰司、諸道提刑按察司、里正和主首等官職,負責勸課農(nóng)桑,發(fā)布勸農(nóng)文、推廣農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)與舉察勤惰。農(nóng)官設置具有臨時性、管理范圍大、管理分散、監(jiān)察機構(gòu)兼勸農(nóng)事及地方官吏皆有勸農(nóng)署銜等特點。其次,從農(nóng)業(yè)的社會形態(tài)與管理,勸農(nóng)文研究,元代農(nóng)書所體現(xiàn)的農(nóng)業(yè)科技等落實情況,具體分析元代農(nóng)官設置積極作用及農(nóng)官管理中存在的問題,分析農(nóng)官制度與農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)發(fā)展的協(xié)同演變關(guān)系。農(nóng)官制度在擴大耕地面積、農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)工具革新、糧食增產(chǎn)、人口增加、畜牧及農(nóng)作物品種發(fā)展、農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)環(huán)境改善等方面具有促進作用,并進一步強化農(nóng)本意識,推動了農(nóng)學發(fā)展,但也有擾民、弄虛作假、作用變質(zhì)、農(nóng)官疲于應付等諸多問題。本研究結(jié)論是,元代農(nóng)官設置由重牧輕農(nóng)業(yè)向農(nóng)牧并重轉(zhuǎn)變發(fā)展,元代建立了一個至上而下、從中央到地方的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)管理體系,以國家政治力量介入農(nóng)耕社會,對元代農(nóng)業(yè)經(jīng)濟的恢復和發(fā)展做出了重要貢獻,有效地維持和延續(xù)著封建統(tǒng)治。證明元代農(nóng)業(yè)管理機構(gòu)設置的合理性及元代農(nóng)官在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)發(fā)展中起到了巨大作用,同時也反映政策與實踐之間可能存在的較大差距。農(nóng)官設置與農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)發(fā)展存在顯著的協(xié)同演變特征。
[Abstract]:In ancient China, farming civilization was an important part of Chinese civilization. Setting up government posts to manage agriculture was an important measure to encourage and promote agricultural production in ancient China. They also brought nomadic production methods and customs into the Central Plains. At the beginning of their rule, the state's agriculture was at a standstill. The economic destruction was a great threat to the Mongol and Yuan rule. In their contacts with the Han landlords and Han intellectuals, the Mongolian rulers gradually realized the great destructive effect of "emptiness for grazing", and the way they ruled had also changed. Gradually established the system of feudal economy and politics adapted to the Central Plains and Han land. The characteristics of agricultural development and evolution in Yuan Dynasty were unique. The research mainly analyzed the functions of agriculture official establishment, mulberry water conservancy, animal husbandry, famine relief, storage and so on in Yuan Dynasty. This paper uses contradiction analysis, literature research method and cross-research method. Based on the theory of institutional change, this paper analyzes the cooperative evolution relationship between the agricultural official system of Yuan Dynasty and the development of agricultural production in Yuan Dynasty. First of all, it clarifies the establishment of agricultural management institutions in Yuan Dynasty. Concretely analyzing the responsibility and work content of agricultural officials in Yuan Dynasty, and the characteristics of setting up agricultural officials in Yuan Dynasty. Specifically, setting up the posts of advising agricultural envoys and departments of agriculture and agriculture, and then being replaced by the departments of agriculture and agriculture, and managing agricultural production and management in general, and according to the farmland water conservancy, opening up fields, and animal husbandry, etc. The specific functions of disaster relief and relief and Changping Yichang are to set up a central agricultural official system, set up a central agricultural official system at the local level, set up a department of propaganda and masturbation at the local level, put up a judicial department for punishment, Li Zheng and the chief official, who are responsible for persuading Nongsang to teach and issue a persuasive agricultural article. The establishment of agricultural officials is temporary, wide scope of management, decentralized management, supervision organizations and exhortations of agricultural and local officials have the title of urging agriculture bureau. Secondly, from the social form and management of agriculture, The paper analyzes the positive role of agricultural officials and the problems existing in the management of agricultural officials in the Yuan Dynasty, including the research on agricultural literature and the implementation of agricultural science and technology embodied in the agricultural books of Yuan Dynasty. This paper analyzes the relationship between agricultural official system and agricultural production development. Agricultural official system is expanding cultivated land area, innovating agricultural production tools, increasing grain production, increasing population, developing animal husbandry and crop varieties. The improvement of agricultural production environment and so on has the promotion function, and further strengthens the agriculture-based consciousness, has promoted the agronomy development, but also has many problems such as disturbing the people, defrauding, the function deterioration, the agriculture official is tired to deal with and so on. The conclusion of this study is:. In the Yuan Dynasty, agricultural officials set up a system of agricultural production and management from the central to the local level, and intervened in the farming society with the political power of the state. It made an important contribution to the recovery and development of agricultural economy in Yuan Dynasty and effectively maintained and continued the feudal rule. It proved the rationality of the establishment of agricultural management institutions in Yuan Dynasty and the great role played by agricultural officials in the development of agricultural production in Yuan Dynasty. At the same time, it also reflects the possible gap between policy and practice. There is a significant synergistic evolution between the setting up of agricultural officials and the development of agricultural production.
【學位授予單位】：西北農(nóng)林科技大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：K247;D691.42

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