本文選題：協(xié)商民主　切入點(diǎn)：偏好轉(zhuǎn)換　出處：《吉林大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文　論文類(lèi)型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：20世紀(jì)80年代以來(lái)的民主經(jīng)歷了協(xié)商的重大理論轉(zhuǎn)向，協(xié)商民主作為民主理論最新研究成果被寄予厚望，這種以偏好轉(zhuǎn)換而不是偏好聚合為特點(diǎn)的民主理論被視為彌補(bǔ)投票民主缺陷、擺脫民主困境的最新民主范式。協(xié)商民主質(zhì)疑投票民主偏好既定的前提預(yù)設(shè)，認(rèn)為基于既定偏好的聚合型民主會(huì)違背民主價(jià)值，產(chǎn)生虛假性的、自私自利和不正當(dāng)?shù)钠�。針�?duì)聚合型民主的預(yù)設(shè)前提，協(xié)商民主提出了內(nèi)生性偏好的概念，認(rèn)為個(gè)人偏好不是靜態(tài)不變而是在政治過(guò)程中動(dòng)態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)換的，并且需要付諸正當(dāng)理由的合理性論證。協(xié)商民主試圖通過(guò)偏好轉(zhuǎn)換的方法修正投票民主和社會(huì)選擇理論提出的共識(shí)無(wú)法達(dá)成的理論前提，它強(qiáng)調(diào)政治參與的價(jià)值，認(rèn)為通過(guò)公民普遍參與的公共理性指導(dǎo)下的協(xié)商機(jī)制，通過(guò)理性討論、真誠(chéng)對(duì)話(huà)等形式能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)以公共利益為核心的偏好轉(zhuǎn)換，，最終達(dá)成集體共識(shí)并提升公民的公共精神。 協(xié)商民主條件下實(shí)現(xiàn)的偏好轉(zhuǎn)換主要可以歸結(jié)為兩種途徑：第一種是通過(guò)公開(kāi)而理性討論盡量達(dá)成共識(shí)，從社會(huì)公共領(lǐng)域?qū)捳沟絿?guó)家領(lǐng)域，上升為國(guó)家公共政策，降低甚至擺脫自由主義民主對(duì)投票的依賴(lài)程度。理性討論可以盡量限制個(gè)人信息不足和私人觀(guān)念的局限，促進(jìn)原初的虛假性偏好轉(zhuǎn)向更加真實(shí)的偏好；同時(shí)理性討論是公開(kāi)陳述理由的過(guò)程，公民會(huì)訴諸公共理由而轉(zhuǎn)向以公共利益為取向的偏好。但共識(shí)的達(dá)成可遇而難求，通過(guò)理性討論達(dá)成共識(shí)的觀(guān)念受到了外界廣泛批評(píng)和質(zhì)疑，協(xié)商民主轉(zhuǎn)向另一種思路即協(xié)商通過(guò)干預(yù)個(gè)人偏好可以限定進(jìn)入決策程序的偏好排序的數(shù)量范圍，這樣就可以理清甚至減少選擇和分歧的維度，使選民偏好呈現(xiàn)“單峰性”，避免循環(huán)投票問(wèn)題的出現(xiàn)進(jìn)而提升民主過(guò)程中投票的有效性質(zhì)量。 理性討論是實(shí)現(xiàn)偏好轉(zhuǎn)換同時(shí)也是協(xié)商民主的核心環(huán)節(jié)，但關(guān)于理性討論的價(jià)值及理性討論能否實(shí)現(xiàn)協(xié)商理想所預(yù)期的偏好轉(zhuǎn)換，協(xié)商民主都未能給出令人信服的肯定答案。理性討論價(jià)值何在？期待中的偏好轉(zhuǎn)換能否如期所至？我們將在文章結(jié)尾展開(kāi)反思。
[Abstract]:Since the 1980s, democracy has undergone a major theoretical turn of negotiation, and as the latest research result of democratic theory, it has been highly expected. This democratic theory, characterized by preference conversion rather than preference aggregation, is regarded as the latest democratic paradigm to remedy the shortcomings of voting democracy and to extricate itself from the dilemma of democracy. It is believed that the aggregate democracy based on the established preference will violate the democratic value and produce false, selfish and improper preferences. In view of the presupposition of the aggregate democracy, the concept of endogenous preference is put forward by the deliberative democracy. That personal preferences are not static but dynamic in the political process, And it needs to be justified and reasoned. The deliberative democracy tries to correct the theoretical premise that the consensus proposed by voting democracy and social choice theory cannot be reached through the method of preference conversion, which emphasizes the value of political participation. It is believed that through the consultation mechanism under the guidance of public reason, rational discussion, sincere dialogue and other forms, we can realize the conversion of preferences with public interests as the core, finally reach a collective consensus and promote the public spirit of citizens. The conversion of preferences under the conditions of deliberative democracy can be summed up into two ways: the first is to reach consensus through open and rational discussions, extending from the social public sphere to the national sphere, and rising to the state public policy. The rational discussion can limit the lack of personal information and the limitation of private idea, and promote the original false preference to turn to more real preference. At the same time, rational discussion is the process of making public statements of reasons. Citizens will resort to public reasons and turn to public interest oriented preferences. The idea of reaching a consensus through rational discussion has been widely criticized and questioned by the outside world. The idea of negotiating democracy turns to another way of thinking, that is, negotiation can limit the number of preferences that enter the decision-making process by intervening in individual preferences. In this way, we can clear up or even reduce the dimensions of choice and divergence, make voters' preference "uni-peak", avoid the appearance of circular voting problems, and then improve the quality of voting effectiveness in democratic process. Rational discussion is not only the core link of realizing preference conversion but also the core link of deliberative democracy. However, the value of rational discussion and whether rational discussion can realize the desired preference conversion of negotiation ideal can be achieved. Deliberative democracy has failed to give a convincing affirmative answer. What is the value of rational discussion? Is the expected preference shift on schedule? We will begin to reflect at the end of the article.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：D621

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