本文關(guān)鍵詞：山西省煤炭資源開發(fā)動態(tài)化生態(tài)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制研究　出處：《山西大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

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【摘要】：山西省作為資源依賴型地區(qū),煤炭是其支柱產(chǎn)業(yè),然而長期以來對煤炭資源的過度開采加之對環(huán)境保護(hù)的不重視,導(dǎo)致了嚴(yán)重的生態(tài)環(huán)境破壞和資源損耗,煤炭開采給生態(tài)環(huán)境造成的代價高昂,根據(jù)國際環(huán)保組織自然資源保護(hù)協(xié)會2014年發(fā)布的《2012煤炭真實(shí)報告》的數(shù)據(jù)可知,一噸煤的生態(tài)代價高達(dá)260元,然而當(dāng)前為每噸煤炭造成的生態(tài)環(huán)境破壞而“買單”的價格卻只有50元,遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于煤炭開發(fā)的生態(tài)代價,山西省目前正經(jīng)受著煤炭價格下跌、成本增加和生態(tài)代價上漲的多重壓力,煤炭資源生態(tài)補(bǔ)償已經(jīng)刻不容緩,構(gòu)建科學(xué)合理的生態(tài)補(bǔ)償機(jī)制對于山西省這樣一個資源型地區(qū)來說意義重大。本文首先對生態(tài)補(bǔ)償?shù)膬?nèi)涵進(jìn)行了界定,認(rèn)為煤炭資源開發(fā)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償是指在煤炭資源開發(fā)的各個階段,資源環(huán)境的破壞者和資源環(huán)境的保護(hù)者通過資金、實(shí)物、項目、技術(shù)等各種補(bǔ)償手段,對生態(tài)環(huán)境進(jìn)行修復(fù)和重建、對生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能進(jìn)行補(bǔ)償、減少資源消耗、限制對生態(tài)資源的需要的所有行為活動和機(jī)制制度的總和。之后結(jié)合生態(tài)環(huán)境演化機(jī)理、動態(tài)補(bǔ)償機(jī)理以及生態(tài)補(bǔ)償應(yīng)遵循的可持續(xù)發(fā)展原則和自我補(bǔ)償原則,提出了山西省煤炭資源開發(fā)的動態(tài)補(bǔ)償思路,即改變傳統(tǒng)的“先破壞,后補(bǔ)償”的事后一次性補(bǔ)償方式,采用分階段的“邊開采,邊補(bǔ)償”的動態(tài)補(bǔ)償方式。由生態(tài)環(huán)境演化機(jī)理可知,外來干擾對生態(tài)環(huán)境的破壞分為三個階段：可自我恢復(fù)原有平衡階段、需要人為干預(yù)實(shí)現(xiàn)新的平衡階段、不可逆或者需要很大代價才能恢復(fù)階段。另外由生態(tài)補(bǔ)償?shù)目沙掷m(xù)發(fā)展原則可知：生態(tài)補(bǔ)償首先是可持續(xù)的、高效的補(bǔ)償,要能夠用最小的投入獲得最大的成效,當(dāng)補(bǔ)償代價極大而補(bǔ)償效果微乎其微時,就不能一味的追求當(dāng)前礦區(qū)的生態(tài)恢復(fù),而應(yīng)該考慮產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型或者異地補(bǔ)償；最后生態(tài)補(bǔ)償也要認(rèn)識到經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和環(huán)境保護(hù)的關(guān)系,既不能為了經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展破壞環(huán)境,同樣也不能為了環(huán)境保護(hù)而影響經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展。本文通過構(gòu)建煤炭產(chǎn)量和各項環(huán)境損失(水污染、廢氣污染和重金屬污染)的時間序列模型,判斷出山西省煤炭生態(tài)系統(tǒng)演化符合生態(tài)系統(tǒng)演化的一般規(guī)律,且煤炭資源開發(fā)對生態(tài)環(huán)境的上述三方面的影響處于生態(tài)系統(tǒng)演化的第Ⅱ階段,能夠通過人為干預(yù),實(shí)現(xiàn)新的平衡。由于宏觀統(tǒng)計數(shù)據(jù)的缺失,本文無法對土地塌陷和地下水位破壞問題進(jìn)行實(shí)證分析,但是這兩方面的破壞大多屬于計劃經(jīng)濟(jì)時期的歷史遺留礦山和煤炭資源整合前眾多難以監(jiān)管的小煤礦,破壞非常嚴(yán)重且修復(fù)成本非常高,因此本文認(rèn)為其處于生態(tài)系統(tǒng)演化的第Ⅲ階段,根據(jù)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償?shù)目沙掷m(xù)發(fā)展原則,對這些地區(qū)的生態(tài)補(bǔ)償要更多的考慮在非當(dāng)前礦區(qū)進(jìn)行補(bǔ)償�；谝陨系南嚓P(guān)理論和實(shí)證分析,本文提出了山西省煤炭資源開發(fā)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償?shù)膭討B(tài)補(bǔ)償策略,將補(bǔ)償分為三個階段：產(chǎn)前的預(yù)防性補(bǔ)償、產(chǎn)中的即時性補(bǔ)償和產(chǎn)后的修復(fù)性補(bǔ)償。產(chǎn)前的預(yù)防性補(bǔ)償是指在礦山建立之初,通過構(gòu)建煤炭循環(huán)生產(chǎn)體系和對礦山企業(yè)的資質(zhì)評估及宣傳教育以改變大眾觀點(diǎn)來對煤炭開采過程中可能產(chǎn)生的生態(tài)環(huán)境破壞起到預(yù)防作用,預(yù)防性補(bǔ)償旨在利用各種補(bǔ)償方式降低能源消耗,提高資源利用率以及對生產(chǎn)過程中可能產(chǎn)生的污染提前預(yù)防,以便之后減少污染,實(shí)現(xiàn)煤炭資源開發(fā)的生態(tài)友好。產(chǎn)中的即時性補(bǔ)償是針對在預(yù)防性補(bǔ)償階段仍然不可避免的環(huán)境污染和破壞進(jìn)行及時有效的治理,主要是對所排放的廢水、廢氣、固體廢棄物進(jìn)行治理,另外對煤炭開采過程中產(chǎn)生的污染進(jìn)行即時監(jiān)測和監(jiān)管,實(shí)現(xiàn)“邊開采,邊補(bǔ)償”。產(chǎn)后的修復(fù)性補(bǔ)償主要針對閉坑后的礦山進(jìn)行修復(fù)和對廢棄礦區(qū)(包括歷史遺留礦山和煤炭資源整合前的非法小煤礦)進(jìn)行生態(tài)重建、產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型或異地補(bǔ)償。通過構(gòu)建科學(xué)合理的山西省煤炭資源開發(fā)生態(tài)補(bǔ)償體系,能夠有效的遏制資源浪費(fèi)和生態(tài)環(huán)境污染現(xiàn)象,提高煤炭資源利用率,降低煤炭資源生態(tài)補(bǔ)償成本,打破“資源詛咒”,轉(zhuǎn)煤炭資源優(yōu)勢為經(jīng)濟(jì)優(yōu)勢,實(shí)現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)和環(huán)境的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。
[Abstract]:Shanxi Province as a resource dependent region, coal is the pillar industry, however, over exploitation of coal resources and pay no attention to environmental protection, resulting in the destruction of the ecological environment and resource loss serious, coal mining to the ecological environment caused by the high price, according to the international environmental protection organization of natural resources Protection Association released in 2014 <2012 the data showed that the coal report >, ecological cost a ton of coal amounted to 260 yuan, but the per ton of coal caused by the destruction of the ecological environment and pay the price of only 50 yuan, far less than the cost of coal ecological development, Shanxi province is currently experiencing a decline in coal prices, increased costs and pressures ecological cost increases, coal resources ecological compensation is imperative, build scientific and reasonable ecological compensation mechanism in Shanxi province such a resource type area to speak Significant. This paper firstly discusses the connotation of ecological compensation is defined, that ecological compensation refers to the various stages of the development of coal resources in the development of coal resources, resources environment. And resource environment protector through funds, real, project, technology and other means of compensation, restoration and reconstruction of ecological environment compensation the ecosystem function, reduce the consumption of resources, the sum of restrictions on the ecological resources needs of all activities and mechanism of the system. After the combination of ecological environment evolution mechanism, the principle of sustainable development and dynamic compensation mechanism of ecological compensation should follow and self compensation, put forward dynamic compensation idea of the development of coal resources in Shanxi Province, the first change failure the traditional "post compensation" after a one-time compensation, phase edge mining, dynamic compensation method of edge compensation ". By the ecological The environment evolution mechanism of the interference of the destruction of the ecological environment is divided into three stages: the self restoration of the original equilibrium stage, the need for human intervention to achieve the balance of the new stage of irreversible or need high price to recover stage. In addition by ecological compensation and sustainable development principle that ecological compensation firstly is sustainable, efficient compensation, to be able to achieve the maximum effect with minimum input, when the cost of compensation and the compensation effect is greatly very little, can not blindly pursue the current ecological restoration of mining area, and should consider the industrial transformation or remote compensation; finally, the ecological compensation should also recognize the relationship between economic development and environmental protection, not only to economic the development of the destruction of the environment, also not for environmental protection and the impact of the economic development. In this paper, through the construction of coal production and the environmental damage (water pollution, exhaust gas Pollution and heavy metal pollution) time series model. The judge agrees with the general regularity of evolution of the ecosystem of Shanxi province coal ecological system, and the effect of coal resources exploitation on ecological environment in the ecological system of the three aspects of the evolution of the second stage, through human intervention, to achieve a new balance. Due to the lack of macroeconomic statistics the destruction of this article can not on land subsidence and groundwater level empirical analysis, but the two of the damage mostly belongs to the planned economy period of historical mines and the integration of coal resources in the former is hard to supervision of small coal mines, very serious damage and the repair cost is very high, so that it is in the ecological system evolution III according to the principles of sustainable development, ecological compensation, ecological compensation for these areas to consider more in non mining area. Based on the current compensation The relevant theoretical and empirical analysis above, this paper proposes a dynamic compensation strategy for development of Shanxi coal resources ecological compensation, compensation will be divided into three stages: prevention of prenatal compensation, compensation of compensation and repair immediately postpartum. The preventive compensation refers to the establishment of the prenatal mine early by the construction of coal production system and the circulation of mining enterprises qualification assessment and publicity and education to change public opinion on coal mining may produce in the process of the destruction of the ecological environment to protect, prevent compensation to reduce energy consumption by using various type of compensation, improve the utilization rate of resources and may be generated in the production process to prevent pollution so, after reducing pollution, realize the ecological development of coal resources and friendly. Instant in compensation for the environment is inevitable in the prevention of compensation stage The pollution and destruction of timely and effective governance, is the main emissions of wastewater, emissions, solid waste treatment, in addition to real-time monitoring and supervision of coal mining generated in the process of pollution, to achieve "edge extraction, edge compensation". Restoration Compensation postpartum to closed pit after repair and mines the abandoned mining area (including historical mines and the integration of coal resources in the illegal small coal mine) for ecological reconstruction, industrial transformation or remote compensation. By constructing scientific and reasonable ecological compensation system of coal resources development in Shanxi Province, can effectively curb the waste of resources and environmental pollution, improve the utilization rate of coal resources, coal resources to reduce the ecological the cost of compensation, to break the "resource curse", turn coal resource advantages into economic advantages, realize the coordinated development of economy and environment.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：山西大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：F426.21;X752

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