本文關(guān)鍵詞： 混合均勻群組 公共品博弈 懲罰與獎勵 行為多樣性 針鋒相對 非線性 懲罰閾值　出處：《西安電子科技大學》2015年碩士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：生物之間的競爭無處不在,達爾文的自然選擇理論表明在競爭中適應(yīng)度大的個體更有可能存活下來。不存在任何機制的情況下,合作個體的適應(yīng)度低于不合作的個體。從而,為了生存,個體在競爭中傾向于選擇不合作。然而,生物系統(tǒng)最基本的一個特征就是合作。對于很多不同層次的生物組織,從單細胞生物到動物群組,合作的交互行為都是必需的。因此,競爭性的世界中合作行為的廣泛存在就令人疑惑。從而,如何解釋自私個體間合作行為的涌現(xiàn)以及長期以來合作行為的維持受到了諸多領(lǐng)域科學家的關(guān)注。演化博弈論為上述問題的研究提供了有利的理論依據(jù)。本文致力于探討基于混合均勻群組的重復性公共品博弈的合作演化問題,主要成果如下:首先,在混合均勻種群中引入懲罰和獎勵機制后,研究群組中不同策略的演化。在博弈之前每個個體需要付出一定代價來表明自己對于合作者或背叛者的態(tài)度,懲罰.或者獎勵,而不考慮之后自己的策略。懲罰和獎勵單獨作用均不能夠促進合作的演化,而在懲罰和獎勵機制的共同作用下,合作水平隨選擇強度的增加而提高。研究結(jié)果還表明,在懲罰和獎勵共存的博弈中,獎勵比懲罰會有更大的優(yōu)勢。其次,在考慮噪聲的情況下,根據(jù)行為的多樣性提出了一個基于混合均勻群組的新模型來探究自適應(yīng)策略在重復性公共品博弈中的演化。我們引入針鋒相對特性,合作概率代表行為的多樣性,用基于頻率選擇的莫蘭過程來刻畫群組的動態(tài)演化過程,這一過程表明了大自然的選擇:越是成功的個體越容易被復制。研究表明,在考慮行為多樣性的情況下,即使存在噪聲的影響,針鋒相對機制依然能夠促進合作的演化。再次,在上述模型的基礎(chǔ)上我們考慮非線性和不同的群組規(guī)模對合作演化的影響。我們知道不同的非線性類型對重復性公共品博弈中合作演化的影響不盡相同。結(jié)果表明,在行為多樣性和針鋒相對特性存在的情況下,協(xié)同促進作用的非線性會促進合作的演化,而折扣效應(yīng)的非線性會抑制合作的演化。但是,在折扣效應(yīng)的非線性公共品博弈中,存在最適宜合作演化的群組規(guī)模值。最后,構(gòu)建了一個相對簡單的理論模型來研究當懲罰行為基于某個特定閾值時,各個策略在混合均勻群組的公共品博弈中是如何演化的。在每一輪的博弈中,個體付出不同的代價,而懲罰只是針對群組中投入低于某一特定值的個體。研究表明,當懲罰閾值適中時,參加公共品博弈的個體的總投入量會處于最大值,并且出現(xiàn)頻率最高的策略類型是投入量略高于懲罰閾值的策略。
[Abstract]:Competition between organisms is ubiquitous, and Darwin's theory of natural selection suggests that individuals with greater fitness in competition are more likely to survive without any mechanism. The fitness of cooperative individuals is lower than that of non-cooperative individuals. Therefore, in order to survive, individuals tend to choose non-cooperation in the competition. One of the most basic features of biological systems is cooperation. For many different levels of biological tissue, cooperative interaction is required from single-celled organisms to animal groups. The widespread existence of cooperative behavior in a competitive world is puzzling. How to explain the emergence of cooperative behavior among selfish individuals and the long-term maintenance of cooperative behavior have attracted the attention of scientists in many fields. Evolutionary game theory provides a favorable theoretical basis for the study of these problems. The cooperative evolution of repeated public goods game based on mixed uniform group is discussed. The main results are as follows: first, after the introduction of punishment and reward mechanism in the mixed uniform population. Study the evolution of different strategies in groups. Each individual has to pay a price before the game to show his or her attitude towards collaborators or collaborators, punishment, or rewards. Punishment and reward alone can not promote the evolution of cooperation, but under the combined action of punishment and reward mechanism. The level of cooperation increases with the increase of the intensity of selection. The results also show that in the game of coexistence of punishment and reward, reward will have more advantages than punishment. Secondly, considering noise. According to the diversity of behavior, a new model based on mixed uniform group is proposed to explore the evolution of adaptive strategy in repetitive public goods game. We introduce the tit-for-tat characteristic. The cooperative probability represents the diversity of behavior. The Moran process based on frequency selection is used to describe the dynamic evolution of the group. This process shows nature's choice: the more successful individuals are, the easier they are to be replicated. Studies have shown that, even when noise is involved, the diversity of behavior is considered. Tit-for-tat mechanism can still promote the evolution of cooperation. On the basis of the above model, we consider the influence of nonlinearity and different group size on cooperative evolution. We know that different nonlinear types have different effects on cooperative evolution in repeated public goods games. Ming. In the presence of behavioral diversity and tit-for-tat characteristics, the nonlinearity of cooperative facilitation will promote the evolution of cooperation, while the nonlinearity of discount effect will inhibit the evolution of cooperation. In the nonlinear public goods game with discount effect, there is a group size value that is most suitable for cooperative evolution. Finally, a relatively simple theoretical model is constructed to study when the punishment behavior is based on a specific threshold. How each strategy evolves in the public goods game of mixed uniform groups. In each round of games, individuals pay different costs. However, the punishment is only for the individuals in the group who invest less than a certain value. The research shows that when the penalty threshold is moderate, the total input amount of the individuals participating in the public goods game will be the maximum. And the most frequent type of strategy is the one where the input load is slightly higher than the penalty threshold.
【學位授予單位】：西安電子科技大學
【學位級別】：碩士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：O225;D035

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