本文關(guān)鍵詞：多代連續(xù)飲用四種飲水大鼠肝腎功能和骨骼生長發(fā)育比較研究，由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。

        水是人體最重要和最基本的營養(yǎng)素之一。隨著水污染的日益嚴(yán)重和經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展以及大眾消費(fèi)觀念的改變，飲水質(zhì)量受到人們的高度重視，對飲用水的要求也越來越高。目前以純凈水、天然礦泉水和礦物質(zhì)水為主的各類瓶（桶）裝水在日常飲用水中的比例逐年增高。經(jīng)過反滲透、納濾、吸附等工藝深度加工處理的瓶（桶）裝水在有害污染物的含量上的確得到了控制，但對人體健康有重要影響的水中天然礦物質(zhì)含量也出現(xiàn)不同程度的下降。受研究過程中性別、水質(zhì)、飲食、實(shí)驗(yàn)方法等因素的影響，長期飲用較低礦物質(zhì)含量的水對健康有何利弊至今仍沒有統(tǒng)一定論。本團(tuán)隊(duì)研究飲用軟水對健康的影響已有10余年，前期研究顯示，飲用純凈水的雌雄大鼠平均體重均持續(xù)顯著性高于飲用涼開水。長期飲用純凈水后，雌鼠血清中鎂含量顯著降低，尿中鎂含量雌雄均有下降趨勢，鉀、鈉濃度均有升高趨勢，鐵、鋅、銅元素含量顯著降低，鉻含量顯著升高。大鼠骨骼的生長發(fā)育指標(biāo)中股骨長度、骨生物力學(xué)性能及骨密度純凈水和自來水無顯著差異。目前國內(nèi)外在飲用水的生物學(xué)效應(yīng)方面主要集中在上世紀(jì)五六十年代的人群流行病學(xué)調(diào)查和基于單代動(dòng)物的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究，尚未見多代連續(xù)飲用不同飲水的相關(guān)生物學(xué)效應(yīng)研究和報(bào)道。因此，我們選擇自來水、天然水、礦物質(zhì)水、純凈水進(jìn)行比較研究，建立多代連續(xù)飲用四種飲水的大鼠模型，從一般生長發(fā)育、肝腎功能、機(jī)體酸堿狀態(tài)、骨骼生長發(fā)育幾方面研究和探討多代連續(xù)飲用四種飲水與健康效應(yīng)的關(guān)系，為進(jìn)一步深入研究奠定基礎(chǔ)。實(shí)驗(yàn)方法：1．多代連續(xù)飲用四種飲水的動(dòng)物模型F0代：斷乳SD雌鼠120只/雄鼠60只，均隨機(jī)分為自來水組（Tap water，T組）、天然水組（Natural water，N組）、礦物質(zhì)水組（Mineralized water，M組）、純凈水組（Purified water，P組）四組，每組30（雌性）/15（雄性）只。飲水至4月齡開始繁殖實(shí)驗(yàn)，雌雄2：1比例交配，產(chǎn)生約20只受孕F0代雌鼠。雄鼠處死，孕鼠保留至生產(chǎn)F1代仔鼠。F1代：各組F1代雌仔鼠30只，雄仔鼠15只。飲用與F0代相同飲水至4月齡，雌雄2：1比例交配，產(chǎn)生約20只受孕F1代雌鼠。雄鼠處死，孕鼠保留至生產(chǎn)F2代仔鼠。F2代：各組F2代雌仔鼠30只，雄仔鼠30只，與F1代相同飲水，采用飲水瓶給水，除飲水外其他條件完全相同，每日早上8點(diǎn)定時(shí)更換飲水和添加飼料。自來水源于重慶城市供水系統(tǒng)，天然水、礦物質(zhì)水、純凈水均采用市售相同批次的瓶裝飲用水。四種飲水經(jīng)檢測均符合相應(yīng)水質(zhì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。2．取材和指標(biāo)飼喂期間，①每日觀察各組動(dòng)物的外觀和行為，包括動(dòng)物的飲食情況、精神和活動(dòng)狀況、毛發(fā)潤澤度及排泄物情況等。②每月稱量體重1次。③每月測定1次大鼠的24h飲水、攝食量。飼喂F2代大鼠至10月齡處死。采集腹主動(dòng)脈血，一部分用血?dú)夥治鰞x檢測機(jī)體酸堿狀態(tài)指標(biāo)，另一部分分離血清，用自動(dòng)生化分析儀檢測肝腎功能指標(biāo)和用酶聯(lián)免疫試劑盒測定骨代謝指標(biāo)。采血后立即剖取雄鼠心、肝、主動(dòng)脈弓，將器官周圍的脂肪結(jié)締組織去除，并將臟器表面血液吸干凈，用電子天平稱重，計(jì)算臟器系數(shù)，臟器系數(shù)以臟器重量（g）與體重（g）之比表示。同時(shí)雌鼠取右側(cè)股骨、脛骨和門齒，剔除肌肉和軟組織，用生理鹽水浸濕的紗布包裹后，再用錫箔紙包裹，，置于-20℃低溫冰箱保存，實(shí)驗(yàn)前24h取出標(biāo)本，放置室溫下解凍。股骨用于骨密度和生物力學(xué)檢測，脛骨和門齒檢測其中鈣、鎂、磷含量。3．統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)分析數(shù)據(jù)經(jīng)SPSS13.0統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件處理，實(shí)驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)均以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(（?0±s）的形式表示，組間均數(shù)差異的顯著性比較采用單因素方差分析。結(jié)果與討論1．生長發(fā)育1.1一般生長發(fā)育情況F2代大鼠觀察期內(nèi)一般生長發(fā)育情況均未見顯著性差異。提示大鼠在一般生長發(fā)育指標(biāo)上無明顯差別。1.2雄鼠重要臟器系數(shù)雄鼠心、肝、主動(dòng)脈弓臟器系數(shù)的組間差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。提示長期飲用四種飲水對雄鼠心、肝、主動(dòng)脈弓無明顯改變。2．肝腎功能2.1肝臟蛋白合成能力以及營養(yǎng)狀況雌雄大鼠血清總蛋白（total protein，TP）、血清白蛋白（albumin，ALB）、血清球蛋白（globulin，GLB）、白球比（A/G）的組間差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。與自來水組比較，雄鼠天然水組（P=0.006）和礦物質(zhì)水組（P=0.037）前白蛋白（Prealbumin，PA）含量明顯降低；雌鼠純凈水組PA含量明顯升高（P=0.030）。提示雄鼠自來水組的營養(yǎng)狀況較天然水組和礦物質(zhì)水組好，雌鼠純凈水組營養(yǎng)狀況較其余三組好。2.2腎臟功能飲用四種水的雄鼠血清尿酸（Serum uric acid，UA），雌鼠血清尿素（Urea）和尿酸組間差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。雄鼠血清中尿素含量自來水組高于天然水組（P=0.015）和礦物質(zhì)水組（P=0.012）；血清中肌酐（Serum creatinine，SCR）含量自來水組低于天然水組（P=0.050），純凈水組低于天然水組（P=0.000）和礦物質(zhì)水組（P=0.004）；尿素肌酐比（U/C）自來水組高于天然水組（P=0.001）和礦物質(zhì)水組（P=0.002），純凈水組高于天然水組（P=0.000）和礦物質(zhì)水組（P=0.000）。雌鼠SCR含量自來水組低于天然水組（P=0.033）和礦物質(zhì)水組（P=0.000），純凈水組低于礦物質(zhì)水組（P=0.015）；U/C自來水組高于天然水組（P=0.002）、礦物質(zhì)水組（P=0.003）和純凈水組（P=0.044）。提示天然水組雌雄大鼠和礦物質(zhì)水組雌鼠較自來水組的腎小球?yàn)V過功能低；礦物質(zhì)水組雌雄大鼠和天然水組雄鼠較純凈水組的腎小球?yàn)V過功能低。3．機(jī)體酸堿狀態(tài)飲用四種水的雌雄大鼠機(jī)體酸堿狀態(tài)指標(biāo)[pH、PO2、PCO2、HCO3-act、HCO3-st、SO2%、TCO2、BE（B）、BE（ecf）]組間差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。提示在觀察期內(nèi)飲用四種水均能維持機(jī)體酸堿平衡。4．骨礦物質(zhì)含量天然水組脛骨中鈣（calcium，Ca）含量較自來水組（P=0.001）和礦物質(zhì)水組（P=0.005）降低，牙齒中Ca含量較自來水組（P=0.044）和礦物質(zhì)水組（P=0.032）降低。純凈水組脛骨中Ca含量較自來水組（P=0.000）、天然水組（P=0.000）、礦物質(zhì)水組（P=0.000）均降低。天然水組脛骨（P=0.048）和牙齒（P=0.001）中鎂（magnesium，Mg）含量、純凈水牙齒中Mg含量（P=0.003）較自來水組均降低。脛骨和牙齒中磷含量各組間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。提示水中鈣、鎂元素的含量對骨骼和牙齒的礦化有很大的影響，長期飲用低礦物質(zhì)含量的純凈水和天然水可使骨骼和牙齒中鈣鎂的沉積減少，含量下降。5．骨密度飲用四種水的雌鼠股骨骨密度（bone mineral density，BMD）、骨礦物鹽含量（bonemineral content，BMC）和面積組間差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。6．骨生物力學(xué)性能與自來水組比較，大鼠股骨最大橈度天然水組（P=0.000）、礦物質(zhì)水組（P=0.000）、純凈水組（P=0.000）均有顯著降低；彈性橈度天然水組（P=0.001）、礦物質(zhì)水組（P=0.022）均有顯著降低；斷裂應(yīng)變天然水組（P=0.001）、礦物質(zhì)水組（P=0.002）均有顯著降低；楊氏模量天然水組明顯升高（P=0.010）。提示自來水組骨骼整體生物力學(xué)性能優(yōu)于其他三組，天然水組在維持骨骼材料的彈性上有一定優(yōu)勢。7．骨代謝水平血清中骨鈣素（bone glutarny I protein，BGP）含量天然水組高于自來水組（P=0.005）、礦物質(zhì)水組（P=0.002）和純凈水組（P=0.025）。I型前膠原羧基端前肽（Procollagen typeI caboxyterminal propeptide，PICP）含量自來水組高于天然水組（P=0.000）和純凈水組（P=0.000），礦物質(zhì)水組高于天然水組（P=0.000）和純凈水組（P=0.000）。I型膠原交聯(lián)羧基末端肽（Cross-linked-telopeptide of type I collagen，ICTP）含量天然水組低于自來水組（P=0.023）和純凈水組（P=0.000）。骨堿性磷酸酶（bone alkaline phosphatase，BALP）含量各組間差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。提示飲用自來水后大鼠的成骨細(xì)胞活性、合成膠原速度以及骨正常礦化速度比天然水和純凈水快，天然水組對破骨細(xì)胞活性的抑制作用強(qiáng)于自來水組和純凈水組。純凈水組成骨細(xì)胞活性低于天然水組，破骨細(xì)胞活性高于天然水組和自來水組，骨代謝動(dòng)態(tài)平衡被打破的幾率較自來水組和天然水組大。8．四種飲水的水質(zhì)特征以及各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)變化與水質(zhì)關(guān)系的分析自來水、天然水、礦物質(zhì)水、純凈水的總硬度（以CaCO3計(jì)）分別為200.3、69.6、2.3、0.8mg/L；TDS分別為229、87.2、10.9、1.2mg/L。四種水的化學(xué)耗氧量（Chemicaloxygen demand，COD）≤1.0mg/L，表明四種水在有機(jī)物水平方面沒有本質(zhì)區(qū)別，本研究中觀察到的生物學(xué)效應(yīng)改變主要?dú)w結(jié)于水質(zhì)礦物元素水平上的差異。實(shí)驗(yàn)觀察到四種水的鈣鎂元素含量以及鈣鎂濃度比值也存在差異，自來水鈣鎂比值為4.18:1，天然水鈣鎂比值為1.13:1，礦物質(zhì)水鈣鎂比值為0.05:1，純凈水鈣鎂比值為2:1。自來水中鋅含量高于其他三組。推測水中鈣、鎂、鋅等元素的含量和鈣鎂比例可能是引起幾種指標(biāo)出現(xiàn)差異的主要原因。結(jié)論1．四種水質(zhì)的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)自來水在維持雌鼠腎小球?yàn)V過功能、提升成骨細(xì)胞活性、增加骨骼系統(tǒng)鈣鎂沉積、提高骨骼整體的生物力學(xué)性能和維持雄鼠肝臟蛋白合成能力繼而提升機(jī)體營養(yǎng)水平方面優(yōu)于其他三種飲水。但飲用自來水在抑制破骨細(xì)胞活性和維持骨骼材料彈性方面較飲用天然水略顯不足。天然水在維持骨骼材料彈性方面優(yōu)于自來水；在抑制破骨細(xì)胞活性方面優(yōu)于自來水和純凈水。但在肝臟蛋白合成能力、營養(yǎng)水平、腎小球?yàn)V過功能上雌雄大鼠較自來水均顯著降低；雄鼠腎小球?yàn)V過功能較純凈水顯著降低；雌鼠的骨礦物質(zhì)含量、骨骼整體生物力學(xué)性能、成骨細(xì)胞活性較自來水均顯著降低；骨鈣含量較礦物質(zhì)水也有降低。大鼠在飲水適應(yīng)期出現(xiàn)飲用礦物質(zhì)水的雄鼠飲食量較純凈水組明顯減少，雌鼠攝食量較其余三組明顯增加。礦物質(zhì)水僅在較天然水的骨鈣含量和成骨細(xì)胞活性，較純凈水的成骨細(xì)胞活性方面略顯優(yōu)勢，其余各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)均未發(fā)現(xiàn)有明顯優(yōu)劣勢。純凈水在維持大鼠腎小球?yàn)V過功能優(yōu)于礦物質(zhì)水和天然水，在維持雌鼠肝臟蛋白合成能力繼而提升機(jī)體營養(yǎng)水平優(yōu)于其他三種飲水。但在骨骼生長發(fā)育的指標(biāo)上均未發(fā)現(xiàn)有明顯優(yōu)勢。2．生物效應(yīng)肝臟蛋白合成能力和營養(yǎng)水平：雄鼠的自來水組優(yōu)于天然水組和礦物質(zhì)水組，雌鼠的純凈水組優(yōu)于其余三組。維持腎小球的濾過功能：自來水組和純凈水組優(yōu)于天然水組和礦物質(zhì)水組。骨礦物質(zhì)含量：自來水組優(yōu)于天然水組和純凈水組，礦物質(zhì)水組優(yōu)于天然水組。骨代謝水平：自來水組和礦物質(zhì)水組的成骨細(xì)胞活性優(yōu)于天然水組和純凈水組，天然水組抑制破骨細(xì)胞活性的能力優(yōu)于其余三組。骨生物力學(xué)性能：自來水組整體性能優(yōu)于其余三組，但天然水組在維持骨骼自身的彈性上顯示出明顯優(yōu)勢。3．性別在肝臟蛋白合成能力和營養(yǎng)水平方面存在性別差異：雄鼠自來水組和雌鼠純凈水組營養(yǎng)狀況處于較好水平。創(chuàng)新性發(fā)現(xiàn)1．本實(shí)驗(yàn)首次在雌性大鼠中發(fā)現(xiàn)，多代連續(xù)飲用礦物質(zhì)含量豐富的自來水與以天然水、礦物質(zhì)水、純凈水為代表的軟水相比，對骨骼生長發(fā)育、骨生物力學(xué)性能和骨代謝更為有益。提示水中礦物元素含量較多的自來水使骨骼代謝維持較高水平，從而增加骨骼系統(tǒng)鈣鎂沉積，繼而提升骨骼整體的生物力學(xué)性能。天然水組在維持骨骼材料彈性和抑制破骨細(xì)胞活性方面有明顯優(yōu)勢，天然水中的鉀含量較自來水組高且含有鍶元素和偏硅酸，兩者是否存在關(guān)聯(lián)及其機(jī)制還有待進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證。2．大鼠在肝臟合成蛋白能力和機(jī)體營養(yǎng)水平方面存在性別差異。

    Water is one of the most important and most essential nutrients for human body. With therapidly economic development and the change of public consumption concept as well asincreasingly severe water pollution, People pay high attention to drinking water quality andrequirement is been increasing. At present, new drinking water, like natural water, mineralwater and pure water, are taking the place of tap water gradually, and being the main source ofdrinking water. The noxious pollutant is under control after deep processing by reverseosmosis, nanofiltration, adsorption, exchange, oxidation etc. However, the natural mineral inwater, what is very important for human body healthy, are on decline in different degree.There is no conclusion whether drinking different water is good at health or not for thedifference of gender, water quality, diet, experimental methods in the research of the relationbetween water quality and health.Our team had been researching the influence of drinking soft water to health for morethan ten years. Prophase research shows the average weight of SD rats drinking pure water islast significant higher than rats drinking cold tap water.After the rats drinking pure water for along times, we test the sixteen macroelements and microelements in serum. The Mg in femalerats serum is decline obviously, and the other elements are stable; In urine, the Mg of bothmale and female rats is on the decline, the K、Na density are increase, Fe、Zn、Cu decreasedmarkedly, Cr rose dramatically. The growth and development index of SD rats bones: femurlength、bone biomechanical standard and bone density, pure water is not different from tapwater obviously. At present, the biological effects of drinking water mainly focus on researchabout people and single generation animal. There is no research and report about biologicaleffects of multigeneration drinking different water continuously yet. Due to this, we chosethree soft water in different degree （nature water、 pure water、mineralized water） to docomparison research with tap water, build multigeneration SD rats model with continuousdrinking the four different water, study and discuss the influence of to health from growth and development、liver and kidney function、Body soda acid state、bone density、bonebiomechanical performance、bone mineral content and bone metabolism, to establishfoundation for further research.Methods:1．The model of multigeneration continuous drinking the four water in animal feedsF0:Weaning SD rat （120female,60male） were assigned into4group by therandomization method, group T fed with tap water、group N fed with natural water、group Mfed with mineralized water、group P fed with purified water.（30female,15male per group）At4month of age, two females were paired with one male. The male rat were deadimmediately. Keep the pregnant rat （≥20） until F1pup to be born.F1: Weaning F1rat （30female,15male per group） were allowed to pass on twoconsecutive generations. At4month of age, two females were paired with one male. The malerat were dead immediately. Keep the pregnant rat （≥20） until F2pup to be born.F2: Weaning F1rat （30female,15male per group） were allowed to pass on twoconsecutive generations.The other conditions are indentical besides drinking water, changedrinking water and add feed at eight every morning.The tap water is provided by ChongQing city water supply system, water quality fitnational sanitary standard for drinking water （GB5749-2006）. Disembogue left water in waterpipe about two minutes every morning, then change fresh water. Purified water、 mineralizedwater and nature water are from bottled water in market.2．Materials and indexIn feeding period,①Observe the appearance and behavior of each set SD rats everyday, include the drinking and eating situation、mental and action status、hair moist degree andexcreta etc.②Weighing monthly.③Check24h water intake and24h food intake monthly.Feed the rats and kill them ten months later. Gather abdominal aorta blood, some ofblood used for test Body soda acid state index. Isolate serum of left blood to test liver andkidney function indicatorand bone metabolism index.Heart、liver、aortic arch of male rat werepromptly removed and weighed. Meanwhile, collect right femur、tibia、incisor of female SDrat. Cut off muscles, to avoid bone surface damage, section attached soft tissue carefully.Wrap with carbasus soaked physiological saline first, then pack by tin foil paper. Keep in coolfreezer-20℃. Take the sample24hours before experiment, unfreeze under room temperature. Test bone density、bone biomechanical of femur, test K、Mg、P content of tibia and incisor.3．Statistical anlysisThe data is handled by SPSS13.0statistics software, experience data is expressed byform of average standard deviation (（?0±s）, adopt one-way ANOVA to anlysis the significancecomparison of mean difference.Results and Discussion1．Growth and development1.1common growth and developmentIn observation period,there is no remarked difference on the common growth anddevelopment situation、 water intake、food intake、weight increase of four sets rats.1.2male rats’ organ ratioDrink the four water make no statistical meaning to organ ratio of male SD rats’ heart、liver、aortic arch. Prompt: Drink the four water for long term make no change to male SDrats’ heart、liver、aortic arch.2．Liver and kidney function2.1liver protein synthesis capacity and nutrition statusDrink the four water make no statistical meaning to male and female SD rats’ TP、ALB、GLB、A/G. Compare to tap water set, the male SD rats’ PA of nature water set andmineral water set is decreased. The female SD rats’ PA of pure water set is increased. Prompt:The male SD rats’ nutrition of tap water set is better than nature water set and mineral waterset. The female SD rats’ nutrition of tap water is lower than pure water set.2.2kidney functionDrink the four water make no statistical meaning to male SD rats’UA、female SD rats’UREA.The UREA of male SD rats’, T set is, the difference has statistical meaning（P<0.05）; theCREA of T set is lower than N set（P=0.050）, P set is lower than N set（P=0.000）and Mset（P=0.004）; the U/C of T set is higher than N set （P=0.001）and M set（P=0.002）,and P set ishigher than N set （P=0.000）and M set（P=0.000）.The SCR of female SD rats’, T set is lowerthan N set （P=0.033）and M set（P=0.000）,P set is lower than M set（P=0.015）; the U/C of T setis higher than N set（P=0.002）、M set（P=0.003） and P set（P=0.044）.3．Body soda acid state Drink the four water mutilgenerationly and continuously make no statistical meaning tobody soda acid state index of rats. Prompt: In present observation period, the influence ofdrinking the four water made to body soda acid does not reach abnormal clinical state.4．Mineral content in boneThe Ca content in tibia of nature water set is lower than tap water set（P=0.001）、mineralwater set（P=0.005）,the Ca content in teeth of nature water set is lower than tap waterset（P=0.044）、mineral water set（P=0.032）. The Ca content in tibia of pure water set is lowerthan tap water set、nature water set、mineral water set（P=0.000）. Both the Mg content intibia（P=0.048） and teeth （P=0.001）of nature water set and pure water set（P=0.003）is lowerthan tap water set. The P content in tibia and teeth of each set’ difference has no statisticalmeaning. Prompt: The Ca and Mg content in water makes obvious influence to themineralization of boon and teeth, drinking pure water with little mineral can make the Ca andMg sedimentation in boon and teeth decrease. The ratio of Ca and Mg will affect thesedimentation of Ca、Mg in boon. The specific reason and pathogenesis is needed furtherresearch.5．Bone mineral densityThe influence of drinking the four water mutilgeneration and continuously made tofemale SD rats’BMD、BMC、area has no statistical meaning.6．Bone biomechanicsCompare to tap water set, the femur max radial degrees of nature water set（P=0.000）、mineral water（P=0.000）、pure water set（P=0.000） decreased dramatically; the elastic radialdegrees of nature water set（P=0.001）、mineral water set（P=0.022）decreased; the femurmaximum strain of tap water of both nature water set（P=0.001）and mineral waterset（P=0.002）is decreased.The young modulus of nature water set increasedobviously（P=0.010）. Prompt: The bone biomechanical standard of tap water set is better thanthe other three sets; the bone material elasticity of nature water.7．Bone metabolismThe BGP content in serum of T set is lower than N set（P=0.005）、M set（P=0.002）、Pset（P=0.025）. The PICP content of T set is higher than P set（P=0.000）and N set（P=0.000）、Mset is higher than N set （P=0.000）and P set（P=0.000）. The ICTP content of N set is lower thanT set（P=0.023）and P se（P=0.000）. The BALP content difference of each set has no statistical meaning. Prompt: After drunk tap water, the SD rats’ osteogenesis cell activity、composecollagen speed、normal boon mineralization speed is faster than nature water set and purewater set. The inhibition function to bone cell activity, the nature water set is stronger than tapwater set and pure water set. The osteoblast activity of pure water set is lower than naturewater set, osteoclast activity is higher than nature water set and tap water set. The probabilityof the bone metabolism dynamic balance be broken is higher than tap water set and naturewater set.8．Water quality characteristics and the indicators changeThe total hardness（CaCO3）of tap water、nature water、pure water、mineral water are200.3、69.6、0.8、2.3mg/L respectively; TDS are229、87.2、1.2、10.9mg/L respectively. CODof four water is less than or equal to1.0mg/L, it shows four water do not have materialdifference in organic matter level （COD more or less the same）. Therefore the change ofbio-effect observed in this essay is owe to the difference of water mineral element.The experiment shows that the Ca、Mg content and the concentration ratio is different inthose four set of water. The Ca、Mg ratio of tap water is4.18:1; of nature water is1.13:1; ofmineral water is0.05:1; of pure water is2:1. The Zn content of tap water is higher than theother three sets water. Thus it can infer that the content of Ca、Mg、Zn elements in water andthe Ca、Mg ratio are the main reason which lead to the differences of above index.Conclusion1．Advantages and disadvantages of four water qualityTap water to maintain the female glomerular filtration function, enhance osteoblastactivity and increased deposits of calcium and magnesium of skeletal system, improving theoverall biomechanical properties of bone and the maintenance of male rat liver proteinsynthesis activity and then upgrade nutritional levels than the other three kinds of drinkingwater. But drinking tap water in inhibiting osteoclast activity and maintain elasticity ofskeletal material, slightly less than natural water for drinking.Natural water better than tap water in maintaining elasticity of skeletal materials; ininhibiting osteoclast activity is better than tap water and bottled water. Liver protein synthesis,nutrient levels and Glomerular filtration function in male and female rats are significantlylower than tap water; male rat glomerular filtration function is significantly lower thanpurified water; female bone mineral content and bone biomechanics, Osteoblast activity are significantly lower than tap water; calcium content lower than the mineral water.Water adaptation period, rats drinking mineral water, male rats diet compared withdrinking pure water Group significantly reduced, female rats significantly increased foodconsumption than the other three groups. The mineral water only in the natural water bonecalcium content and osteoblast activeness, the pure water osteoblast active aspect reveals thesuperiority slightly, other each target discovery has not had the obvious superior inferiority.Pure water in the maintenance of rat glomerular filtration function better than mineralwater and natural water, to maintain the female liver protein synthesis and thus improve thenutritional level of the body is better than the other three drinking water. However, in bonegrowth and development indicators were not found to have obvious advantages.2．Biological effectLiver protein synthesis and nutrient levels: tap water group of male rats than naturalwater group and mineral water group, female group of purified water better than the otherthree groups. The glomerular filtration function: tap water group and the purified water groupwas superior to the natural water group and the mineral water group. Bone mineral content:tap water group was superior to the natural water group and the purified water group, themineral water group was superior to the natural water group. The level of bone metabolism:the tap water group and the mineral water group, osteoblast activity is better than the naturalwater group and the purified water group, the natural water group the ability to inhibit theactivity of osteoclasts better than the other three groups. Bone biomechanical properties: thetap water group overall performance is better than the other three groups, but the natural watergroup showed significant advantages in maintaining the elasticity of the bone itself.3. GenderThere are gender differences in liver protein synthesis and nutrient levels: male tap groupand group nutritional status of female pure water at a good level.Innovative discovery1．It was first found in female rats, multiple generations of continuous drinking tap waterin bone biomechanics performance and bone metabolism are more useful than natural water,mineral water, pure water. Prompt more mineral elements in tap water to maintain a high levelof bone metabolism, thereby increasing the deposition of calcium and magnesium in theskeletal system, and thus improve the biomechanical properties. Natural water group there are obvious advantages in maintaining bone material elasticity and inhibit osteoclast activity, thepotassium content of natural water than the tap water group and containing strontium andsilicic acid, the association and its mechanism remains to be further verified.2．There are gender differences in the protein synthesis function of the liver and thebody’s nutritional level in rats.

        多代連續(xù)飲用四種飲水大鼠肝腎功能和骨骼生長發(fā)育比較研究

英文縮寫一覽表4-6Abstract6-12摘要13-18前言18-21    技術(shù)路線20-21第一部分 多代連續(xù)飲用四種飲水大鼠生長發(fā)育、肝腎功能及機(jī)體酸堿狀態(tài)比較研究21-37    材料與方法21-23    結(jié)果23-34    討論34-36    小結(jié)36-37第二部分 多代連續(xù)飲用四種飲水雌性大鼠骨礦物質(zhì)含量比較研究37-44    材料與方法37-40    結(jié)果40-42    討論42-43    小結(jié)43-44第三部分 多代連續(xù)飲用四種飲水雌性大鼠骨生物力學(xué)性能和骨代謝水平比較研究44-56    材料與方法44-47    結(jié)果47-52    討論52-55    小結(jié)55-56全文總結(jié)56-58致謝58-59參考文獻(xiàn)59-64文獻(xiàn)綜述 飲用水中礦物元素對骨與骨代謝的影響64-72    參考文獻(xiàn)69-72碩士在讀期間發(fā)表的論文情況72-73附件一：四種飲水的水質(zhì)檢測報(bào)告73-77附件二：四種飲水礦物質(zhì)含量檢測報(bào)告77-78

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