【摘要】：近15~20年作物基因組學(xué)迅速發(fā)展,特別是第2代測(cè)序技術(shù)的普及,顯著降低了測(cè)序成本,使單核苷酸多態(tài)性(SNP)分析和單元型區(qū)段(也稱單倍型區(qū)段)分析滲透到生命科學(xué)的各個(gè)領(lǐng)域,對(duì)系統(tǒng)生物學(xué)、遺傳學(xué)、種質(zhì)資源學(xué)和育種學(xué)影響最為深刻,使其進(jìn)入基因組學(xué)的全新時(shí)代。一批馴化選擇基因的克隆,特別是對(duì)一些控制復(fù)雜性狀形成的遺傳基礎(chǔ)及其調(diào)控機(jī)制的解析,更清晰地揭示了作物馴化和品種改良的歷史,提升了人們對(duì)育種的認(rèn)知,推動(dòng)育種方法的改進(jìn)。馴化和育種既有相似之處,也存在明顯的差異。馴化選擇常常發(fā)生在少數(shù)關(guān)鍵基因或位點(diǎn),對(duì)基因的選擇幾乎是一步到位;而現(xiàn)代作物育種雖然只有100年左右的歷史,但其對(duì)基因組影響更為強(qiáng)烈,是一些重要代謝途徑不斷優(yōu)化的過(guò)程。隨著生態(tài)環(huán)境或栽培條件的變化,育種選擇目標(biāo)基因(等位變異)會(huì)發(fā)生相應(yīng)的變化或調(diào)整,因此對(duì)基因(等位變異)的選擇是逐步的。此外,強(qiáng)烈的定向選擇重塑了多倍體物種的基因組,使其亞基因組與供體種基因組明顯不同。在群體水平上,系統(tǒng)分析馴化和育種在作物基因組和基因中留下的蹤跡,凝煉其中的規(guī)律,將為品種改良和育種提供科學(xué)理論和指導(dǎo),本文也簡(jiǎn)要介紹了"十三五"國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃專項(xiàng)"主要農(nóng)作物優(yōu)異種質(zhì)資源形成與演化規(guī)律"的基本研究思路。
[Abstract]:In recent 15 ~ 20 years, the rapid development of crop genomics, especially the popularization of the second generation sequencing technology, has significantly reduced the cost of sequencing. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (SNP) analysis and unit region (also known as haplotype) analysis have penetrated into all fields of life sciences and have the most profound impact on systems biology, genetics, germplasm resources and breeding. To usher in a new era of genomics. The cloning of a number of domestication and selection genes, especially the analysis of the genetic basis and regulatory mechanisms for the formation of some complex traits, reveals more clearly the history of crop acclimation and variety improvement, and promotes people's understanding of breeding. To promote the improvement of breeding methods. Domestication and breeding have both similarities and obvious differences. Domestication choices often occur in a small number of key genes or loci, and the selection of genes is almost one-step; modern crop breeding, though only about 100 years old, has a stronger impact on the genome. It is a process of continuous optimization of some important metabolic pathways. With the change of ecological environment or cultivation condition, the target gene (allelic variation) of breeding selection will change or adjust accordingly, so the selection of gene (allelic variation) is gradual. In addition, strong directional selection reshaped the genomes of polyploid species, making their subgenomes distinct from those of donor species. At the population level, systematic analysis of the traces left by domestication and breeding in crop genomes and genes, and condensation of the laws therein, will provide scientific theory and guidance for variety improvement and breeding. This paper also briefly introduces the basic research ideas of the National key R & D Program of the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan, "the formation and Evolution Law of Major crop excellent Germplasm Resources".
【作者單位】： 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院作物科學(xué)研究所;山西省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院小麥研究所;
【基金】：國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃專項(xiàng)(2016YFD0100300)資助~~
【分類號(hào)】：S33

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本文編號(hào)：2223647