發(fā)布時間：2018-06-25 18:34

  本文選題：競爭法 + 轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品標(biāo)識�。� 參考：《華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品標(biāo)識與非轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品標(biāo)識作為來源證明、貿(mào)易管理的手段,構(gòu)成劣勢或優(yōu)勢競爭資源,不僅關(guān)乎消費(fèi)者的知情權(quán)和選擇權(quán),也影響市場競爭秩序、經(jīng)營者利益及公共利益。已有的研究僅僅著眼于實(shí)證研究、規(guī)范分析的視角,局限于制度本身的完善,無法有效解決產(chǎn)品的轉(zhuǎn)基因和非轉(zhuǎn)基因標(biāo)識的規(guī)制完善問題。從競爭法的視野研究轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品和非轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品標(biāo)識的法律規(guī)制則能夠結(jié)合標(biāo)識的市場競爭功能及影響,權(quán)衡消費(fèi)者、經(jīng)營者和公共利益,探討適合我國的轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品標(biāo)識規(guī)制路徑。結(jié)合此思路,本研究主要圍繞以下幾方面進(jìn)行:第一部分分析了本文的基本概念、內(nèi)涵及理論。主要分析了轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品標(biāo)識的概念及內(nèi)涵,轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品標(biāo)識與一般產(chǎn)品標(biāo)識、原產(chǎn)地標(biāo)識、商標(biāo)的區(qū)別,轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品標(biāo)識的主要功能,以及競爭法的基本理論、競爭法與轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品標(biāo)識的關(guān)系。第二部分從競爭法的視角對我國轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品標(biāo)識現(xiàn)狀及規(guī)制進(jìn)行審視。首先介紹了我國轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品標(biāo)識現(xiàn)狀,包括使用轉(zhuǎn)基因/非轉(zhuǎn)基因標(biāo)識的產(chǎn)品范圍、轉(zhuǎn)基因/非轉(zhuǎn)基因標(biāo)識的使用方式及特點(diǎn)。接著從競爭法視野對我國轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品標(biāo)識相關(guān)的法律規(guī)范進(jìn)行了分析,厘清我國轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品標(biāo)識法律規(guī)制的依據(jù)、具體內(nèi)容及特點(diǎn)。最后,對其所存在的問題進(jìn)行分析。包括標(biāo)識范圍偏頗對經(jīng)營者造成不平等限制、“零容忍”要求減少了消費(fèi)者選擇、認(rèn)證缺失使消費(fèi)者知情權(quán)易被侵犯、不合理的主體設(shè)置對競爭秩序造成負(fù)面影響。第三部分仍然是以競爭法的視角對域外轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品標(biāo)識法律制度進(jìn)行解析,總結(jié)歸納美國、歐盟、日本、加拿大、阿根廷的轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品標(biāo)識規(guī)制現(xiàn)狀。美國為統(tǒng)一市場標(biāo)識制度而制定了妥協(xié)性的信息披露法案,法案重視標(biāo)識的真實(shí)性,并堅持實(shí)質(zhì)等同原則,閾值等細(xì)節(jié)則有待確定。歐盟強(qiáng)調(diào)對消費(fèi)者、有機(jī)產(chǎn)品相關(guān)利益者的保護(hù),并將統(tǒng)一歐盟市場標(biāo)識規(guī)則作為重要的考量因素,其閾值為政治決策而非科學(xué)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。日本的轉(zhuǎn)基因產(chǎn)品標(biāo)識制度在產(chǎn)品范圍和閾值選擇上都獨(dú)具特色。加拿大的自愿標(biāo)識標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對認(rèn)證和標(biāo)識聲明的準(zhǔn)確性的嚴(yán)格要求使其標(biāo)識規(guī)制獨(dú)樹一幟,而閾值的選擇也以行業(yè)證據(jù)為基礎(chǔ)。第四部分集中對不同標(biāo)識選擇對競爭秩序的影響進(jìn)行了分析,包括強(qiáng)制標(biāo)識與自愿標(biāo)識、陽性標(biāo)識/陰性標(biāo)識、閾值等基本規(guī)則對消費(fèi)者、經(jīng)營者和市場競爭秩序的影響。第五部分分析了競爭法視野下我國轉(zhuǎn)基因標(biāo)識規(guī)制的完善,主要在規(guī)制制度和規(guī)制機(jī)制兩個方面提出了完善建議。結(jié)論認(rèn)為我國現(xiàn)階段可以繼續(xù)已有的強(qiáng)制標(biāo)識,但應(yīng)當(dāng)設(shè)置2%的閾值,細(xì)化標(biāo)識產(chǎn)品范圍,并且明確非轉(zhuǎn)基因標(biāo)識的認(rèn)證要求。農(nóng)業(yè)部、食品藥品監(jiān)督管理局和國家工商總局依法分別對轉(zhuǎn)基因生物、食品和其他產(chǎn)品的轉(zhuǎn)基因相關(guān)標(biāo)識行使規(guī)制職權(quán)。
[Abstract]:The identification of genetically modified products and non-genetically modified products as a source proves that the means of trade management constitute inferior or superior competitive resources, which not only relate to consumers' right to know and choose, but also affect the order of market competition. The interests of the operator and the public interest. The existing research only focuses on empirical research, normative analysis perspective, limited to the perfection of the system itself, can not effectively solve the problem of the regulation of GMO and non-GMO labeling of products. From the perspective of competition law, the legal regulation of the labeling of GM products and non-GM products can balance the interests of consumers, operators and the public by combining the market competitive function and impact of the labels. To explore the appropriate regulatory path for the identification of genetically modified products in China. Combined with this idea, this research mainly focuses on the following aspects: the first part analyzes the basic concept, connotation and theory of this paper. This paper mainly analyzes the concept and connotation of GM product marking, the difference between GM product label and general product label, origin mark, trademark, the main function of GM product label, and the basic theory of competition law. The relationship between competition law and labeling of genetically modified products. The second part examines the status quo and regulation of GM products in China from the perspective of competition law. Firstly, the status quo of transgenic product identification in China is introduced, including the product scope of using transgenic / non-transgenic label, the usage mode and characteristics of transgenic / non-transgenic label. Then from the perspective of competition law, this paper analyzes the legal norms related to the identification of genetically modified products in China, and clarifies the basis, content and characteristics of the legal regulation of labeling of transgenic products in China. Finally, the existing problems are analyzed. It includes the unfair restriction of the scope of identification, the requirement of "zero tolerance" reduces the choice of consumers, the lack of certification makes consumers' right to know easy to be infringed, and the unreasonable subject setting has a negative impact on the competition order. The third part is still from the perspective of competition law to analyze the legal system of the identification of foreign GM products, and summarize the status quo of the labeling of GM products in the United States, the European Union, Japan, Canada and Argentina. The United States has formulated a compromise information disclosure bill for the purpose of unifying the market marking system. The bill attaches importance to the authenticity of the mark and adheres to the principle of substantive equivalence, while the details such as threshold are yet to be determined. The EU emphasizes the protection of consumers and relevant stakeholders of organic products, and takes the unified EU market labeling rules as an important consideration, the threshold of which is political decision-making rather than scientific criteria. The identification system of genetically modified products in Japan has its own characteristics in terms of product scope and threshold selection. Canada's voluntary marking standards require the accuracy of certification and identification statements to be unique, and the choice of thresholds is based on industry evidence. The fourth part focuses on the impact of different marking selection on the competitive order, including mandatory marking and voluntary marking, positive / negative marking, threshold and other basic rules on consumers, operators and market competition order. In the fifth part, the author analyzes the perfection of the regulation of GMO labeling in the view of competition law, and puts forward some suggestions on how to improve the regulation system and regulation mechanism. The conclusion is that our country can continue the existing mandatory marking at the present stage, but we should set a threshold of 2%, refine the range of marking products, and clarify the certification requirements of non-transgenic marking. The Ministry of Agriculture, the Food and Drug Administration and the State Administration of Industry and Commerce respectively exercise the authority to regulate genetically modified organisms, foods and other products in accordance with the law.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：D922.294

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