發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-03-28 09:45

  本文選題：葉綠素a　切入點(diǎn)：藍(lán)藻　出處：《上海海洋大學(xué)》2016年碩士論文

【摘要】：在養(yǎng)魚池等封閉水體中,當(dāng)藍(lán)藻大量繁殖,會(huì)使水面形成一層藍(lán)綠色的“水膜”,即水華。其中微囊藻、魚腥藻等種類大量繁殖時(shí),將會(huì)造成養(yǎng)魚池大量減產(chǎn)。白天,微囊藻群體進(jìn)行強(qiáng)烈的光合作用,遮蔽陽(yáng)光,對(duì)水體中其它的植物光合作用產(chǎn)生了強(qiáng)烈的影響,晚上,藻體進(jìn)行呼吸作用又會(huì)消耗水體中的氧氣并產(chǎn)生大量的二氧化碳,嚴(yán)重影響池塘中浮游動(dòng)、植物的生長(zhǎng)繁殖,及魚類生長(zhǎng)。微囊藻外形呈顆粒狀,由許多球形或長(zhǎng)圓形的細(xì)胞組合而成,魚類捕食后幾乎無法進(jìn)行消化。同時(shí),由于微囊藻的蛋白質(zhì)含量較高,在藻體死亡后,蛋白質(zhì)分解產(chǎn)生硫化氫等物質(zhì),會(huì)對(duì)魚類產(chǎn)生直接傷害,長(zhǎng)期留存會(huì)造成魚類中毒死亡。不僅如此,微囊藻體裂解后,其藻體內(nèi)的微囊藻毒素(一種強(qiáng)烈的肝毒素)會(huì)釋放到水體中,不僅危害魚類健康,更會(huì)導(dǎo)致人類因飲用了污染水源或是食用了污染水體中的水生生物而健康受損,甚至死亡。泰國(guó)清邁地區(qū)淡水養(yǎng)殖業(yè)有著悠久的歷史,由于常年的養(yǎng)殖,很多養(yǎng)殖廢物在養(yǎng)殖環(huán)境中不斷累積,造成了養(yǎng)殖水域的水污染很嚴(yán)重,致使水體富營(yíng)養(yǎng)化的問題突出,并使淡水養(yǎng)殖的病害現(xiàn)象頻繁發(fā)生。本文通過對(duì)清邁及其周邊地區(qū)冬季和夏季的養(yǎng)魚池中葉綠素a及相關(guān)水質(zhì)因子調(diào)查,并通過分子生物學(xué)方法,運(yùn)用實(shí)時(shí)熒光定量PCR技術(shù)對(duì)水體中藻類的藻藍(lán)蛋白(phycocyanin,PC)操縱子基因和微囊藻毒素合成酶(mcyB)基因進(jìn)行了檢測(cè)。對(duì)不同的養(yǎng)魚池與其他一些影響因子之間做了相關(guān)性分析,初步探討了水體中各物理和化學(xué)因子對(duì)魚池中藻類葉綠素a的影響,研究結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn):在氣溫較高的夏季(5月)中,魚池中葉綠素a濃度平均值為297.46μg/L,最高為1043.33μg/L,最低為13.58μg/L;而冬季(12月)葉綠素a濃度平均為186.01μg/L,最高為541.08μg/L,最低為1.67μg/L。夏季葉綠素a濃度比冬季明顯高,約為冬季的1.5~3倍,最高達(dá)30倍。在冬季,各池塘中的不同深度的水層中的葉綠素a濃度趨近于一致,而夏季,各水層葉綠素a濃度則呈現(xiàn)出隨著水深的增加而降低的趨勢(shì)。除溫度、營(yíng)養(yǎng)鹽含量外,酸堿度、濁度以及電導(dǎo)率,也會(huì)在一定的程度上,影響魚池水體中的葉綠素a濃度。葉綠素a含量與池塘水體pH和濁度成正相關(guān)、而與電導(dǎo)率成負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系。根據(jù)魚池水體的氮磷比推測(cè),磷元素是該地區(qū)藻類生長(zhǎng)的主要限制因素。冬季,大多數(shù)的養(yǎng)魚池能產(chǎn)生微囊藻毒素的藻類(含有mcyB基因)占了水體中所用藍(lán)藻類(由PC基因定量)數(shù)量的大部分(80%以上),但少數(shù)池塘水體中的mcyB基因的拷貝數(shù)要高于PC基因的拷貝數(shù)。夏季,多數(shù)魚池水體中的總藍(lán)藻數(shù)量較冬季沒有顯著增長(zhǎng),但少數(shù)魚池由于水中總磷含量的升高,藍(lán)藻大量繁殖。而且部分魚池,其水體PC基因拷貝數(shù)顯著高于mcyB基因,甚至無法檢測(cè)出mcyB基因,顯示夏季魚池中有其他不含mcyB基因但含有PC基因的藍(lán)藻類繁殖,甚至占據(jù)優(yōu)勢(shì)。
[Abstract]:In closed water bodies such as fish ponds, when cyanobacteria proliferate in large numbers, they will form a blue-green "water film" on the water surface, that is, Shui Hua. When microcystis, Anabaena and other species multiply in large numbers, the fish ponds will yield a lot less. During the day, The microcystis had a strong photosynthesis, obscured the sunlight, had a strong effect on other plants photosynthesis in the water, and at night, the algae breathing would consume oxygen and produce a large amount of carbon dioxide in the water. Seriously affecting phytoplankton, plant growth, and fish growth in ponds. Microcystis are granular in shape and are composed of many spherical or oblong cells, which are almost indigestible after predation. Because the protein content of microcystis is high, after the algae body dies, the decomposition of the protein produces hydrogen sulfide and other substances, which will directly harm the fish and lead to the death of fish poisoning for a long time. Not only that, but also after the microcystis are broken down, The microcystins (a strong hepatic toxin) released into the water not only harm fish health, but also damage human health by drinking polluted water sources or eating aquatic organisms in polluted water bodies. Even death. The freshwater aquaculture industry in Chiang Mai region of Thailand has a long history. As a result of the perennial cultivation, many aquaculture wastes are continuously accumulated in the aquaculture environment, resulting in serious water pollution in the aquaculture waters. The problem of eutrophication of water body is prominent and diseases of fresh water culture occur frequently. The chlorophyll a and related water quality factors in fish ponds in and around Chiang Mai in winter and summer were investigated in this paper. And through molecular biology, The phycocyanin operon gene and microcystin-synthase gene of algae in water were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. The correlation between different fish culture ponds and other influencing factors was analyzed. The effects of various physical and chemical factors on the chlorophyll a of algae in fish ponds were preliminarily studied. The results showed that in summer (May) when the temperature was relatively high, The average value of chlorophyll a concentration in fish pond is 297.46 渭 g / L, the highest is 1043.33 渭 g / L, and the lowest is 13.58 渭 g / L, while in winter (December) the average chlorophyll a concentration is 186.01 渭 g / L, the highest is 541.08 渭 g / L, and the lowest is 1.67 渭 g / L. The highest is 30 times. In winter, the concentration of chlorophyll a in the water layers of different depths in each pond approaches to the same, while in summer, the concentration of chlorophyll a in each layer decreases with the increase of water depth. Except for the temperature, In addition to nutrient content, pH, turbidity and conductivity also affect the concentration of chlorophyll a in fish pond to a certain extent, and the content of chlorophyll a is positively correlated with pH and turbidity of pond water. According to the ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus in fish pond, phosphorus is the main limiting factor of algae growth in this area. Most algae (containing mcyB gene) that produce microcystins in fish ponds account for more than 80% of the amount of cyanobacteria (quantified by PC gene) used in the water, but the copy number of mcyB gene in a few ponds is more than 80%. Higher than the number of copies of the PC gene. The amount of total cyanobacteria in most fish ponds was not significantly increased compared with that in winter, but in a few fish ponds, due to the increase of total phosphorus content in water, cyanobacteria proliferated in large numbers. In some fish ponds, the copy number of PC gene in some fish ponds was significantly higher than that of mcyB gene. McyB gene could not even be detected, indicating that other cyanobacteria with no mcyB gene but PC gene were found in summer fish ponds.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海海洋大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S964.3;X52

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