【摘要】：近十年來,全國(guó)各機(jī)場(chǎng)鳥撞事件及事故征候明顯上升。國(guó)內(nèi)外已有多個(gè)機(jī)場(chǎng)開展了鳥類調(diào)查及鳥撞防范的研究,沈陽桃仙國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng)全國(guó)吞吐量排名位前二十,周邊地區(qū)環(huán)境復(fù)雜多樣,鳥類多樣性較大,鳥撞事故風(fēng)險(xiǎn)很高,但關(guān)于桃仙機(jī)場(chǎng)鳥類的調(diào)查研究文獻(xiàn)未見報(bào)道。為了解桃仙機(jī)場(chǎng)附近的鳥類群落特征,給機(jī)場(chǎng)鳥類防范管理提供數(shù)據(jù)支持,預(yù)防鳥撞事故發(fā)生,作者于2012年9月-2013年8月在機(jī)場(chǎng)周圍7 km范圍內(nèi),采用樣線法和樣點(diǎn)法進(jìn)行鳥類多樣性調(diào)查。共布設(shè)3條樣線和7個(gè)樣點(diǎn),涵蓋居民區(qū)、農(nóng)耕區(qū)、山地、林地和河流5種生境,共記錄到鳥類35種,隸屬于10目21科。計(jì)算了5種不同生境中鳥類多樣性指數(shù)、分布系數(shù)及重要值等,并考慮了鳥類在桃仙機(jī)場(chǎng)范圍內(nèi)飛行高度對(duì)鳥撞風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的影響,采用重要值乘以風(fēng)險(xiǎn)系數(shù)的方法,將所記錄到的鳥類分為嚴(yán)重危險(xiǎn)、很危險(xiǎn)、較危險(xiǎn)和一般危險(xiǎn)4個(gè)等級(jí),其中嚴(yán)重危險(xiǎn)的有樹麻雀、蒼鷺、喜鵲、紅隼,很危險(xiǎn)的有家燕、夜鷺、大山雀、家鴿等5種,較危險(xiǎn)的有白尾鷂、綠頭鴨、大斑啄木鳥、灰喜鵲等16種,一般危險(xiǎn)的有赤胸鶇、大沙錐、鵪鶉、錫嘴雀等10種。基于上述研究結(jié)果,提出了桃仙機(jī)場(chǎng)鳥撞防范對(duì)策和建議。為在鳥撞事件發(fā)生后能夠迅速而準(zhǔn)確的對(duì)鳥撞物種進(jìn)行鑒定,讓機(jī)場(chǎng)安全管理部門能夠迅速調(diào)整鳥類防范措施,對(duì)重點(diǎn)鳥類加以驅(qū)趕,本研究采用DNA條形碼技術(shù)用Bird F1、Bird R1和Bird F1、Bird R2兩對(duì)引物對(duì)7個(gè)鳥類樣本的COI序列進(jìn)行了擴(kuò)增,構(gòu)建了Neighbor-Joining(NJ)進(jìn)化樹并計(jì)算了Kimura-2-parameter(K2P)遺傳距離。結(jié)果顯示,7個(gè)樣本與其對(duì)應(yīng)的種類遺傳距離為0.000-0.006,滿足種內(nèi)小于2%的認(rèn)定,該結(jié)果表明DNA條形碼技術(shù)適用于桃仙機(jī)場(chǎng)鳥撞物種的鑒定。而在構(gòu)建NJ進(jìn)化樹及計(jì)算K2P遺傳距離時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)綠頭鴨(Anas platyrhynchos)與斑嘴鴨(Anas poecilorhyncha)在NJ進(jìn)化樹上聚為一支,K2P遺傳距離為0.008。此結(jié)果證實(shí)DNA條形碼技術(shù)對(duì)個(gè)別近緣種的鑒定結(jié)果存在一定偏差。
[Abstract]:In the past ten years, bird-collision incidents and accident symptoms at airports in China have increased significantly. Many airports at home and abroad have carried out bird investigation and bird collision prevention studies. Shenyang Taoxian International Airport ranks first 20 in national throughput, the surrounding environment is complex and diverse, the bird diversity is large, and the risk of bird collision accidents is very high. However, the investigation and study of birds in Taoxian Airport has not been reported. In order to understand the characteristics of bird community near Taoxian Airport, to provide data support for bird prevention and management, and to prevent bird collision, the author was in the 7 km range around the airport from September 2012 to August 2013. The diversity of birds was investigated by sampling line method and sample spot method. There are 3 lines and 7 plots covering 5 habitats including residential area, farming area, mountain area, forest land and river. 35 species of birds belonging to 21 families of 10 orders are recorded. The bird diversity index, distribution coefficient and important value in five different habitats were calculated, and the influence of bird altitude on bird collision risk was considered. The important value was multiplied by the risk coefficient. The recorded birds were classified into four categories: serious danger, very dangerous, more dangerous and general danger. Among them, the seriously dangerous birds were tree sparrows, herons, magpies, kestrels, and very dangerous five species, such as family swallows, night herons, tits, and pigeons. More dangerous are white tail Harrier, Mallard duck, big spot woodpecker, gray magpie and other 16 species, the general dangerous have red breast thrush, big sand cone, quail, tin mouth finch and so on 10 species. Based on the above research results, the countermeasures and suggestions of bird collision prevention in Taoxian Airport are put forward. In order to identify the bird collision species quickly and accurately after the bird collision incident, so that the airport security administration can quickly adjust the bird prevention measures and drive off the key birds, In this study, DNA barcode technique was used to amplify the COI sequences of seven bird samples using two pairs of primers, Bird F1O Bird R1 and Bird F1F1 Bird R2. The Neighbor-Joining (NJ) evolutionary tree was constructed and the genetic distance of Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) was calculated. The results showed that the genetic distance between the seven samples and their corresponding species was 0.000-0.006, which satisfied the recognition of less than 2% in the species. The results showed that the DNA barcode technique was suitable for the identification of bird collision species in Taoxian Airport. When constructing NJ evolutionary tree and calculating K2P genetic distance, it was found that the genetic distance between (Anas platyrhynchos) and (Anas poecilorhyncha) in NJ evolutionary tree was 0.008. The results show that the DNA barcode technique has a certain deviation from the identification results of individual relative species.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：遼寧大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：V328;Q958

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