本文選題：馬克思 + 實踐觀�。� 參考：《華中師范大學》2015年博士論文

【摘要】：實踐是一個極具包容性特征的概念,從哲學層面講實踐是感性的人的本質(zhì)力量的對象化活動和歷史性的價值創(chuàng)造活動,這種對象化的價值創(chuàng)造活動是主體與客體、理論與現(xiàn)實、感性與理性、能動性與受動性、限定性與超越性關(guān)系辯證統(tǒng)一的歷史性活動,其根本目標就是不斷推動社會向和諧良善的方向發(fā)展,最終實現(xiàn)人的全面自由發(fā)展。文學批評本身也是人類主體實踐活動的一種形式,文學批評的過程就是批評主體以文學為中介與客觀現(xiàn)實世界展開對話、施加影響的歷史過程。可以說,中國形態(tài)的馬克思主義文學批評,就是馬克思主義文學批評與近現(xiàn)代中國國情、具體文藝活動相結(jié)合的實踐過程中生成與建構(gòu)出來的,中國馬克思主義文學批評的實踐觀內(nèi)涵也就是在這種歷史演進中不斷得到拓展、深化和具體化的,最終表現(xiàn)出它特有的民族文化內(nèi)涵和時代特征。除導論和結(jié)語外,全文共分五章來論述中國馬克思主義文學批評實踐觀的思想內(nèi)涵、形態(tài)特征。第一章圍繞實踐范疇對自古希臘以來的西方實踐觀與馬克思的實踐觀作了歷史性的考察。亞里士多德是第一個真正把實踐概念納入哲學思考的人。在亞里士多德看來,實踐是自身構(gòu)成目的的行為,它是以行為自身為目的,主要是指人的倫理道德行為和政治行為。亞里士多德之后,康德、黑格爾、費爾巴哈等人都提出了一系列有關(guān)實踐的理論。以胡塞爾、海德格爾為代表的現(xiàn)代實踐觀,使人的實踐與存在論問題聯(lián)結(jié)了起來,將實踐活動提升到人的存在論意義的高度。簡言之,西方實踐觀的發(fā)展歷史,既具有清晰的歷史發(fā)展脈絡,同時也有它問題框架不斷經(jīng)歷轉(zhuǎn)換的復雜演變過程,即實踐與存在、實踐與自由、實踐與理性、實踐與理論、實踐與主體,這些基本概念的問題演變歷史。只有到了馬克思的歷史實踐哲學那里才真正解開了實踐的本質(zhì)之謎,馬克思實踐哲學的革命變革體現(xiàn)在三個方面：一是哲學形態(tài)的根本變革,即實現(xiàn)從理論哲學到實踐哲學的轉(zhuǎn)變；二是哲學思維方式的根本轉(zhuǎn)變,即從理論的思維方式向?qū)嵺`的思維方式轉(zhuǎn)向；三是哲學本體論的革命性轉(zhuǎn)換,即從實踐的認識論到實踐的生存論轉(zhuǎn)向。我們理解馬克思的實踐思想內(nèi)涵可以從三個維度來探討,一是實踐是主客體的雙向建構(gòu)活動,二是從辯證唯物論角度明確實踐在理論與實踐關(guān)系中的優(yōu)先性地位,三是實踐的價值維度,重視個體的倫理關(guān)懷。正是立足于資本主義社會現(xiàn)實,馬克思所建立的實踐唯物主義哲學,確立了實踐的本體論地位,超越了主客二元對立的理論哲學思維,是對傳統(tǒng)哲學世界觀的革命性轉(zhuǎn)變,其理論目標就是通過哲學的世界化、現(xiàn)存世界的革命化把人從奴役的社會處境中解放出來。馬克思之后,西方馬克思主義及蘇聯(lián)馬克思主義對馬克思的實踐思想有重要闡發(fā)。第二章探討馬克思實踐觀與中國馬克思主義文學批評本質(zhì)內(nèi)涵的生成。從時間上看,在五四新文化運動時期,中國馬克思主義文學批評表現(xiàn)為一種作家本位的啟蒙實踐觀。五四新文化運動之后,體現(xiàn)出重視無產(chǎn)階級大眾的過渡性實踐思想特點,這同時也標志著中國馬克思主義文學批評實踐觀的初步確立。到了上個世紀40年代之后,以毛澤東《在延安文藝座談會上的講話》為代表形成了人民本位實踐觀,表明中國馬克思主義文學批評實踐思想體系的成熟。從話語邏輯的實踐特征看,中國馬克思主義文學批評話語表現(xiàn)出對階級感情話語、革命倫理道德意識等方面的強調(diào)。在話語的形態(tài)表現(xiàn)上,中國馬克思主義文學批評具有突出實踐指導意味的政策性話語特征。中國馬克思主義文學批評實踐思想的形成不僅是在歷史的實踐選擇中形成了以人民本位實踐觀為代表的歷史形態(tài),而且在自身的理論邏輯建構(gòu)過程中形成了強調(diào)實踐的認識論、關(guān)注實踐主體問題、重視實踐的政治倫理問題等三個方面的理論形態(tài)特征。第三章研究實踐與中國馬克思主義文學批評范式的認識論特征的關(guān)系。人們對中國馬克思主義文學批評實踐觀的接受和理解主要是在認識論領域當中來理解的,從而形成了以實踐為基礎的中國馬克思主義文學批評的實踐認識論范式。這種實踐認識論批評范式突出為中國革命服務的現(xiàn)實問題意識,關(guān)注文學作為意識形態(tài)對革命實踐的推動作用,重視文學研究上的理論與實踐經(jīng)驗的結(jié)合,強調(diào)文學活動的主客體相互影響過程中主體的能動作用,并將文學主體的問題重心放在為人民大眾這個集體性的歷史主體上來。毛澤東的《實踐論》《在延安文藝座談會上的講話》文本標志著實踐認識論批評范式的形成。以實踐為基礎的中國馬克思主義文學批評的實踐認識論范式,又集中表現(xiàn)在文藝觀上堅持能動的革命的反映論文學批評模式。正是在能動的革命反映論旗幟下,我們看到中國馬克思主義文學批評形成了以實踐為問題指向的理論形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu),呈現(xiàn)出重視實踐主體,強調(diào)意識形態(tài)的實踐性質(zhì),突出動態(tài)能動的生活實踐觀,以及彰顯實踐智慧的文藝政策批評等理論觀點,并在藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作上推崇革命現(xiàn)實主義美學原則。但是應該客觀地看到,反映論批評模式在具體實踐中,人們對它的理解和運用存在片面的地方。這樣在實踐認識論視野下,辯證的反映論、審美反映論、審美意識形態(tài)論是對反映論批評模式的一種理論調(diào)整�？梢哉f認識論是中國馬克思主義批評理論體系建構(gòu)不可缺少的環(huán)節(jié)。同時中國馬克思主義文學批評的實踐認識論范式存在經(jīng)驗化的傾向。通過反思反映論批評模式,建立以實踐生存論為基礎的中國馬克思主義文學批評認識論體系,是構(gòu)建當代中國馬克思主義文學批評體系的一個重要的路徑選擇。第四章主要探討中國馬克思主義文學批評實踐觀當中的實踐主體論問題。中國馬克思主義文學批評主體論的核心內(nèi)容就是為了求得革命的勝利確立了以人民大眾為主體的革命實踐主體觀,這個革命的實踐主體觀既繼承了五四啟蒙運動的個性主體意識,又結(jié)合中國革命的現(xiàn)實特點發(fā)展了這一主體意識,建立了以人民大眾為主體的集體性主體觀。從啟蒙主體到人民大眾主體的構(gòu)建,表明中國馬克思主義文學批評的實踐主體觀在中國的歷史問題語境中具有自身獨特的民族性內(nèi)涵。面對社會主義市場經(jīng)濟的新時代現(xiàn)實,我們應該在社會主義市場經(jīng)濟的特定歷史階段這個中國現(xiàn)實語境中,把握藝術(shù)生產(chǎn)主體的基本內(nèi)涵。從中國馬克思主義文學批評實踐主體論的歷史經(jīng)驗和現(xiàn)實來看,中國馬克思主義文學批評的藝術(shù)生產(chǎn)主體應該仍然是以人民大眾主體為核心內(nèi)涵的。中國馬克思主義文學批評在長期的革命過程中形成了以人民大眾主體為核心內(nèi)容的實踐主體觀具有歷史的合理性,但是這一主體觀也存在一些問題,就是對個體的價值缺乏足夠的重視,對作為主體的人的感性存在的意義沒有充分的肯定。新實踐美學將生存論觀點引入實踐的理解,拓展了實踐的內(nèi)涵,深化了人們對馬克思實踐觀內(nèi)涵的認識,對于人們進一步深入認識中國馬克思主義文學批評實踐主體論內(nèi)涵也具有重要啟發(fā)。第五章主要從實踐的政治倫理維度理解中國馬克思主義文學批評的價值取向問題。從實踐的政治倫理方面來看,政治倫理價值是馬克思主義文學批評本有的價值尺度,它的基本內(nèi)涵和終極關(guān)懷就是通過人的政治實踐趨向良善正義的社會秩序和實現(xiàn)人的有德性的圓滿生活。由于中國的革命文化語境,中國馬克思主義文學批評在發(fā)展過程中淡化了政治倫理本體層面的構(gòu)建。但是在具體的政治實踐中,中國馬克思主義文學批評通過重視作家的思想改造、革命倫理意識、道德修養(yǎng)以及注重個體責任與人民性的價值尺度等方面,表現(xiàn)出它在政治倫理層面有其獨特的民族性特征。但是同時也應客觀看到,革命年代的戰(zhàn)爭文化思維又使政治倫理的正義關(guān)切和終極關(guān)懷偏重于直接的政治意識形態(tài)訴求。極左政治的泛濫釀成政治對文學的綁架與利用,損害了文學的獨立性和本有的審美超越性價值。今天我們從馬克思實踐觀角度重審文學的政治維度,反思我們既有的理論傳統(tǒng)、歷史經(jīng)驗,就是要回到馬克思的實踐生存視域重建中國馬克思主義文學批評的政治倫理價值,伸張馬克思主義文學批評價值本體的正義訴求和終極人文關(guān)懷。可以說,中國馬克思主義文學批評實踐觀的基本內(nèi)涵就是將文學看作是人民大眾主體在一定的歷史條件下認識和改造社會的政治倫理活動。實踐的邏輯是理解中國馬克思主義文學批評一系列基本問題和研究對象內(nèi)在本質(zhì)聯(lián)系的前提,因此構(gòu)建當代形態(tài)的中國馬克思主義文學批評,應該是在哲學基礎上堅守馬克思主義實踐哲學觀,始終圍繞中國在社會革命、政治經(jīng)濟改革的現(xiàn)代化實踐過程中遇到的現(xiàn)實問題、文藝問題展開對話,貫徹理論聯(lián)系實際的馬克思主義基本原理,實現(xiàn)馬克思主義文學批評理論術(shù)語范疇、問題框架、研究對象的中國化、具體化。中國馬克思主義文學批評正是在繼承歷史經(jīng)驗的基礎上與自身歷史傳統(tǒng)、其他文藝批評流派展開互動對話,從而超越了五四抽象的“人的文學”觀,構(gòu)建了以人民為本位的人民文學實踐觀,形成了以文藝大眾化為主要載體的文藝實踐模式,最終在本體層面上通過對“人的文學”命題的不斷反思和對話完成了中國馬克思主義文學批評的范式變革,為構(gòu)建中國形態(tài)的馬克思主義文學批評體系開辟了更為廣闊的歷史空間和價值視野。
[Abstract]:Practice is a very inclusive concept. From the philosophical level, practice is the object activity and historical value creation activity of the essential force of the perceptual man. The value creation activity of this objectification is the dialectical unity of the subject and the object, the theory and reality, the perceptual and the rational, the activism and the passivity, the restriction and the transcendence. The fundamental goal of a historical activity is to continuously promote the development of society in the direction of harmony and good, and ultimately to realize the all-round and free development of human beings. Literary criticism itself is also a form of human body's practical activities. The process of literary criticism is that the critical subject takes literature as the medium to carry out a dialogue with the objective reality world and exerts influence. The historical process. It can be said that the Marx literary criticism of Chinese form is generated and constructed in the practice of the combination of Marx's literary criticism and the national conditions of modern China and the specific activities of literature and art. The connotation of the view of practice of Chinese Marx's literary criticism is also expanding in this historical evolution. In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the full text is divided into five chapters to discuss the ideological connotation and the morphological characteristics of the Chinese Marx's literary criticism practice view. The first chapter focuses on the practice concept and the Western practice view of ancient Greece and Marx's practice view around the practice category. Historical investigation. Aristotle is the first person to really put the concept of practice into philosophical thinking. In Aristotle's view, practice is the act of making a purpose. It is the purpose of behavior itself, mainly refers to human ethical and moral behavior and political behavior. After Aristotle, Kant, Hagel, Feuerbach and others are all. A series of theories about practice are put forward. The modern concept of practice, represented by Husserl and Heidegger, combines the practice of human beings with the problem of existentialism and raises the practical activities to the significance of human existence. In short, the history of the development of Western practice view has a clear historical development and its problem frame. The evolution of the complex evolution process, namely practice and existence, practice and freedom, practice and reason, practice and theory, practice and subject, the history of the evolution of these basic concepts. Only when Marx's historical practice philosophy has been solved, the essence of practice is truly unsolved, and the revolution of Marx's practical philosophy is embodied in the revolution. The three aspects: one is the fundamental change in the form of philosophy, that is, the transformation from theoretical philosophy to practical philosophy; two is the fundamental transformation of the way of philosophical thinking, that is, from the mode of thinking to the way of practice, and the three is the revolutionary transformation of philosophical ontology, that is, from the epistemology to the practice of the theory of existentialism. Understanding the connotation of Marx's practical thought can be discussed from three dimensions. One is that practice is the two-way construction of the object and the object, and the two is to clarify the priority status of practice in the relationship between theory and practice from the dialectical materialism angle, three is the value dimension of practice and the concern of the individual. It is based on the capitalist social reality. The practical materialism established by Marx has established the ontological status of practice and transcends the philosophical thinking of the two yuan opposition of the subject and the guest. It is a revolutionary transformation of the traditional philosophy of the world. Its theoretical goal is to liberate people from the social situation of slavery through the globalization of philosophy and the revolution of the existing world. After thinking, the western Marx doctrine and the Soviet Marx doctrine have an important explanation of Marx's practical thought. The second chapter discusses the formation of the essence of Marx practice and the Chinese Marx literary criticism. In time, in the period of the 54 new cultural movement, Chinese Marx literary criticism is a kind of writer standard. The concept of enlightenment practice. After the 54 new cultural movement, it embodies the transitional practical thought of the proletariat masses, which also marks the initial establishment of the Marx doctrine of practice in Chinese literary criticism. After the 40s of the last century, the people's book was formed by Mao Zedong's speech at the Yanan Forum on literature and art. The view of position practice shows the maturity of the ideological system of Marx's literary criticism in China. From the practical features of discourse logic, the discourse of Chinese Marx's literary criticism shows the emphasis on class emotional discourse and revolutionary ethical and moral consciousness. In the form of discourse, the Chinese literary criticism of Marx's doctrine is indistinct. The formation of Chinese Marx's literary criticism is not only the formation of the historical form of the people based practice view in the historical practice choice, but also the epistemology of the strong tune practice and the problem of the practice subject in the course of his theoretical logic construction. The relationship between the third chapters and three aspects of the political and ethical problems of practice. The relationship between the research practice and the Epistemological Characteristics of the Chinese Marx literary criticism paradigm. The acceptance and understanding of the Chinese Marx theory of literary criticism is mainly understood in the domain of epistemology, thus forming a reality. The practice epistemological paradigm of Chinese Marx's literary criticism is based on practice. This practice epistemological paradigm emphasizes the realistic consciousness of the service of Chinese revolution, pays attention to literature as an ideological impetus to the practice of revolution, attaches great importance to the combination of theoretical and practical experience in literary research, and emphasizes the subject and guest of literary activities. The subject's dynamic action in the process of mutual influence and the focus of the subject of literature on the historical subject of the collective of the masses of the people. Mao Zedong's theory of practice > < at the Yanan Forum on literature and Art > the text marks the formation of the practice epistemological criticism paradigm. The Chinese Marx literature based on practice is based on practice. The paradigm of critical practice epistemology is focused on the reflection of literary criticism in the view of literature and art. Under the banner of dynamic revolutionary reflection, we see that Chinese Marx's literary criticism has formed a theoretical structure directed by practice, showing the emphasis on the subject of practice and the emphasis of consciousness. The practical nature of the state, the dynamic and dynamic view of life practice, and the theoretical views of literary and artistic criticism showing the practical wisdom, and the aesthetic principles of the revolutionary realism in artistic creation. However, it should be seen objectively that in the concrete practice of the reflection theory of criticism, there is a one-sided place for people to understand and apply it. From the perspective of practical epistemology, the Dialectical Reflection Theory, the aesthetic reflection theory and the aesthetic ideology are a theoretical adjustment to the model of the criticism of the theory of reflection. It can be said that epistemology is an indispensable link in the construction of the theory system of Marx's criticism in China. At the same time, the practice epistemology paradigm of Chinese Marx's literary criticism has experience. In the fourth chapter, the fourth chapter mainly discusses the practical Lord of Chinese Marx's literary criticism of literary criticism, which is an important path choice to build a literary criticism system of contemporary Chinese Marx. The core of the subject theory of Chinese Marx's literary criticism is that in order to obtain the victory of the revolution, the subjective view of the revolutionary practice subject to the masses of the people is established. The concept of practical subject of this revolution not only inherits the consciousness of the individual subject of the 54 enlightenment movement, but also develops the main character of the Chinese revolution. From the subject of enlightenment to the people of the people, it shows that the practical subject view of Chinese Marx's literary criticism has its own unique national connotation in the context of Chinese historical problems. We should face the new era of socialistic market economy. In the specific historical stage of the socialist market economy, the Chinese realistic context, the basic connotation of the main body of art production is grasped. From the historical experience and reality of the subject theory of Marx's literary criticism in China, the main body of the artistic production of Chinese Marx's literary criticism should still be the core of the masses of the people. The connotation is that Marx's literary criticism in China has formed a historical rationality in the course of the long revolution, which takes the people as the core of the people, but there are some problems in this view, that is, the lack of enough attention to the value of the individual and the significance of the perceptual existence of the person as the main body. Fully affirmative. New practical aesthetics introduces the understanding of existentialism into practice, expands the connotation of practice, deepens people's understanding of the connotation of Marx's view of practice, and inspires people to further understand the connotation of the subject theory of Marx's literary criticism in China. The fifth chapter is mainly from the practice of political ethics. The value orientation of Marx's literary criticism in China is understood. In terms of practical political ethics, the value of political ethics is the value measure of Marx's literary criticism. Its basic connotation and ultimate concern are the social order of Liang Shanzheng's righteousness and the realization of the virtuous circle of human being through human political practice. Full life. Because of the Chinese revolutionary cultural context, Chinese Marx literary criticism desalinated the construction of the political ethics in the course of development. But in the concrete political practice, Chinese Marx literary criticism has paid attention to the ideological reform of the writers, the consciousness of revolutionary ethics, the moral cultivation and the emphasis on individual responsibility and responsibility. In the aspects of the value of the people's nature, it shows that it has its unique national characteristics at the political and ethical level. But at the same time, it should be seen objectively that the war cultural thinking in the revolutionary age makes the just concern and ultimate concern of the political ethics focus on the direct political ideology. The spread of the extreme left politics breeds political to literature. Abduction and utilization have damaged the independence of literature and the value of aesthetic transcendence. Today we reexamine the political dimension of literature from the perspective of Marx's practice view, rethink our existing theoretical tradition and historical experience, which is to return to the political and ethical value of the Chinese literary criticism of Marx in the field of Marx's practical survival. It can be said that the basic connotation of the practice view of Chinese Marx's literary criticism is to think of literature as the political activity of understanding and reforming the society under certain historical conditions. The logic of practice is to understand the Chinese Mark's Mark. The logic of practice is to understand Mark in China. Thinking of a series of basic problems and the inherent relationship between the object and the intrinsic nature of the research object, the construction of contemporary Chinese literary criticism of Marx doctrine should be based on the philosophical view of Marx's practice on the basis of philosophy, and always encounters the modern practice of China in the social revolution and the political reform of the economy. The practical problems, the dialogue of literature and art, the implementation of the basic principle of Marx's doctrine with theory and practice, the term category of the theory of Marx's literary criticism, the frame of the question, the Sinicization of the research object, and the concretion of the Chinese Marx's literary criticism, which are based on the historical experience and other literature and art on the basis of inheriting the historical experience. The criticism genre unfolded the interactive dialogue, thus surpassing the 54 abstract view of "man's Literature", constructing a people oriented view of the people's literature practice, forming a literary practice mode with the popularization of literature and art as the main carrier, and finally completing the Chinese horse through the continuous reflection and dialogue on the proposition of "human literature" in the noumenon level. The paradigm change of Kyth's literary criticism opens up a broader historical space for the construction of Marx's literary criticism system in China.

【學位授予單位】：華中師范大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：I206.09

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