發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-05-12 21:24

  本文選題：國家治理現(xiàn)代化 + 鄉(xiāng)村精英�。� 參考：《浙江財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)》2015年碩士論文

【摘要】：改革開放以來,隨著中國城市化進(jìn)程的不斷加快和深入,鄉(xiāng)村的優(yōu)質(zhì)資源不斷向城市集聚,最為顯性的是大量青壯年農(nóng)村人口進(jìn)城務(wù)工或經(jīng)商。本來就處于弱質(zhì)端的鄉(xiāng)村不僅面臨現(xiàn)實(shí)的凋敝,更深遠(yuǎn)地看,隱藏在外出務(wù)工大潮背后的鄉(xiāng)村精英流失問題使得鄉(xiāng)村治理缺人、缺錢、缺發(fā)展后勁,農(nóng)村人才“空心化”嚴(yán)重制約鄉(xiāng)村自身治理水平的提高,鄉(xiāng)村建設(shè)與發(fā)展遭遇嚴(yán)峻挑戰(zhàn)。當(dāng)前我國農(nóng)村占國土面積達(dá)70%,黨的十八屆三中全會(huì)提出國家治理現(xiàn)代化的深化改革總目標(biāo),鄉(xiāng)村治理作為國家治理不可或缺的重要一環(huán),鄉(xiāng)村治理水平是關(guān)乎國家長治久安的重大政治問題,國家的穩(wěn)定、存續(xù)和發(fā)展離不開鄉(xiāng)村的有序治理,鄉(xiāng)村治理水平?jīng)Q定著國家治理現(xiàn)代化的進(jìn)程,所以實(shí)現(xiàn)國家治理能力和治理體系的現(xiàn)代化必須依賴鄉(xiāng)村治理水平的提高。鑒于此,無論是學(xué)界還是地方政府都首先應(yīng)該正視鄉(xiāng)村精英的流失,進(jìn)而思考鄉(xiāng)村精英再造問題。鄉(xiāng)村精英流失主要體現(xiàn)為這一群體數(shù)量的快速萎縮,質(zhì)量的明顯下降,以及“新老斷層,青黃不接”的人才補(bǔ)給困境。這既是市場經(jīng)濟(jì)作用的結(jié)果,作為市場要素的自由勞動(dòng)力自然流向城市;更體現(xiàn)了鄉(xiāng)村社會(huì)環(huán)境留不住人才的真實(shí)現(xiàn)狀,且深層次可以發(fā)現(xiàn)是國家的一系列體制的失靈與不公正。具體來說,城鄉(xiāng)“二元”體制造就城鄉(xiāng)的巨大差別,資源配比不均衡,城市在基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、公共服務(wù)、文化生活、教育資源等公共福利方面優(yōu)勢更有吸引力;在勞動(dòng)分配體制上,城鄉(xiāng)收入分配結(jié)構(gòu)不合理,鄉(xiāng)村賺錢機(jī)會(huì)不多,鄉(xiāng)村精英理性選擇必然向城市單向流動(dòng);當(dāng)前教育體制與鄉(xiāng)村生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐的脫節(jié)導(dǎo)致從農(nóng)村走出去的中青年傾向于在城市就業(yè);在非體制成因?qū)用?鄉(xiāng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)利益導(dǎo)向顯著,農(nóng)村居民心存自卑感,鄉(xiāng)村傳統(tǒng)道德遭到城市文明沖擊,鄉(xiāng)村文化凝聚力下降等�？v觀中國鄉(xiāng)村發(fā)展史,鄉(xiāng)村精英在鄉(xiāng)村政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化、社會(huì)等各項(xiàng)事業(yè)發(fā)展中都扮演著“領(lǐng)頭羊”角色,鄉(xiāng)村精英的存在關(guān)乎鄉(xiāng)村的繁榮與發(fā)展,更塑造了區(qū)別于西方鄉(xiāng)村治理模式的中國特色。作為以關(guān)系為本位的中國鄉(xiāng)村,鄉(xiāng)村精英的存在不僅可以進(jìn)一步發(fā)揮國家治理體系的制度功效,還可優(yōu)化國家制度執(zhí)行的社會(huì)環(huán)境和執(zhí)行效果。實(shí)現(xiàn)國家治理的現(xiàn)代化,鄉(xiāng)村精英的歷史使命任重道遠(yuǎn),提升鄉(xiāng)村治理水平必須再造鄉(xiāng)村精英。本研究認(rèn)為,應(yīng)秉持“回流、外引和內(nèi)培”的思路謀劃鄉(xiāng)村精英再造的可行路徑,具體包括五個(gè)方面。第一,調(diào)整戶籍體制。為了保證精英回歸之后能夠獲得必要的生產(chǎn)生活資料,一方面要破除城鄉(xiāng)二元戶籍體制障礙,統(tǒng)籌城鄉(xiāng)戶籍制度;另一方面要明晰財(cái)產(chǎn)所有權(quán),為生產(chǎn)要素入市交易提供法律保障。第二,完善人才政策。農(nóng)村籍大中專生不愿回鄉(xiāng)謀求發(fā)展,一方面是未來職業(yè)發(fā)展空間和方向不清晰,另一方面是基層工作的付出與待遇失調(diào)導(dǎo)致生活壓力大。針對此類情形,應(yīng)完善人才政策,給予明確預(yù)期,提高工資待遇等,吸引農(nóng)村籍大中專生回鄉(xiāng)就業(yè)。第三,提高鄉(xiāng)村生活品質(zhì)。鄉(xiāng)村之所以留不住人才,一則是因?yàn)檗r(nóng)村基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和公共服務(wù)的不完善與鄉(xiāng)村精英乃至廣大外出務(wù)工群體對高質(zhì)量的生活追求相悖,其更深層原因是本地缺乏工作機(jī)會(huì),收入不能令人滿意。針對此類情形,應(yīng)進(jìn)一步縮小城鄉(xiāng)生活品質(zhì)差距,大力發(fā)展繁榮縣域經(jīng)濟(jì),以達(dá)到吸引外流精英回歸的目的。第四,通過權(quán)力知識化,探索新鄉(xiāng)紳的塑造路徑。一方面,鄉(xiāng)村精英群體可以適當(dāng)吸納部分鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)公務(wù)員,塑造新時(shí)期的“鄉(xiāng)紳”角色;另一方面,返聘從農(nóng)村走出來的已退休社會(huì)名流加盟鄉(xiāng)村建設(shè),豐富鄉(xiāng)村精英的角色和功能。第五,強(qiáng)化對鄉(xiāng)村的認(rèn)同。應(yīng)著重從三個(gè)方面入手,第一,強(qiáng)化程序和規(guī)則意識,普及公平和公正觀念;第二,堅(jiān)守核心價(jià)值,重塑鄉(xiāng)村義利觀;第三,改善鄉(xiāng)村凋敝圖景,打造宜居環(huán)境贏取回歸意愿。
[Abstract]:Since the reform and opening up, with the continuous acceleration and deepening of the process of urbanization in China, the country's high quality resources are constantly gathering in the city. The most dominant is that a large number of young and young rural population go to work or business in cities. The countryside, which is in the weak end, is not only faced with the decline of reality, but also a far more profound view, hidden in the countryside behind the tide of migrant work. The problem of village elite loss makes rural governance lack of human, lack of money and lack of development. The "hollow" of rural talents seriously restricts the improvement of rural self governance, and the rural construction and development are facing severe challenges. China's rural area accounts for 70% of the country's land area. In the third Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, the party has put forward a general goal of deepening the modernization of national governance. Rural governance is an important part of national governance. The level of rural governance is a major political problem related to the long-term stability of the country. The stability, continuity and development of the country can not be separated from the orderly governance of the country. The level of rural governance determines the course of the modernization of the state governance, so the national governance and governance system can be realized. Modernization must depend on the improvement of the level of rural governance. In view of this, both the academic and local governments should first face the loss of the rural elite, and then think about the problem of the reengineering of the rural elite. The loss of the rural elite is mainly reflected in the rapid decline in the number of the group, the obvious decline in the quality, and the "new and old faults, and the old and old faults." This is the result of the supply of talents. This is the result of the role of the market economy. As a market factor, the free labor force flows naturally to the city; it also embodies the real situation of the rural social environment, and the deep level can be found to be the failure and injustice of a series of systems in the country. In particular, the urban and rural "two yuan" body is made in urban and rural areas. The huge difference in the proportion of resources is not balanced, the city is more attractive in the public welfare aspects such as infrastructure, public service, cultural life and educational resources. In the labor distribution system, the distribution structure of urban and rural income distribution is unreasonable, the opportunity of making money in rural areas is not much, the rational choice of rural elite is bound to flow to the city, and the current educational system and The disjunction of rural production practice leads to the tendency of the young and middle-aged people going out from the countryside to the urban employment; in the non institutional cause, the rural economic interests are obviously oriented, the rural residents have a sense of inferiority, the rural traditional morality is impacted by the urban civilization, the rural cultural cohesion is falling, and so on. Governance, economic, cultural, social and other undertakings play the role of "leader". The existence of the rural elite is related to the prosperity and development of the countryside. It also shapes the Chinese characteristics which is different from the western rural governance model. As a relationship based country, the existence of the rural elite can not only give full play to the state governance. The system efficiency of the system can also optimize the social environment and implementation effect of the national system. To realize the modernization of the national governance, the historical mission of the rural elite is long, and the rural elite must be rebuilt to improve the level of rural governance. This study holds that the way of "reflux, external and internal culture" should be held to plan the way of the reengineering of the country's elite. Diameter, including five aspects. First, adjust the household registration system. In order to ensure the necessary production and life information after the elites return, on the one hand, we should break down the barriers of the two yuan household registration system in urban and rural areas and co-ordinate the household registration system in urban and rural areas; on the other hand, the property ownership should be clarifying, and the legal guarantee for the entry of production factors into the market is provided. Second, perfect people. The rural secondary school students are reluctant to return to their hometown for development. On the one hand, the future career development space and direction are not clear. On the other hand, the pay and treatment imbalance of the grass-roots work leads to great pressure of life. In this case, we should improve the talent policy, give clear expectations, raise wages and so on, and attract the rural secondary school students to return home. Employment. Third, improve the quality of life in the country. The reason why the countryside can't keep the talent is because the rural infrastructure and the poor public service are inconsistent with the high quality life pursuit of the rural elite and the majority of the migrant workers. The deeper reason is that the local lack of job opportunities and income is not satisfactory. We should further narrow the gap between urban and rural life quality, vigorously develop and flourish the county economy so as to achieve the purpose of attracting the return of the outflow elite. Fourth, through the knowledge of power, explore the path of shaping the new gentry. On the one hand, the rural elite group can appropriately absorb some township civil servants and shape the "gentry" role in the new period; on the other hand, return to the country. The retired social celebrities from the countryside have joined the rural construction to enrich the role and function of the rural elite. Fifth, strengthen the identity of the countryside. We should focus on three aspects, first, strengthen the awareness of procedures and rules, popularize the concept of fairness and impartiality; second, adhere to the core value, reshape the concept of rural righteousness and benefit; third, improve the country withering. My view is to create a livable environment and win a return.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：浙江財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號】：D422.6

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