本文選題：腐敗心理　切入點(diǎn)：預(yù)防控制　出處：《武漢大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：轉(zhuǎn)型期中國(guó)的反腐敗問(wèn)題已經(jīng)引起到了國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者的廣泛關(guān)注,并出版了大量的論著。但是,這些論著大多是從腐敗的成因及制度對(duì)策方面進(jìn)行論述,更多地是對(duì)造成腐敗的物質(zhì)因素的反思與探索。相對(duì)而言,較少地從官員個(gè)體的心理動(dòng)機(jī)和心理結(jié)構(gòu)去深入分析研究對(duì)腐敗的抑制�！叭魏握涡袨轶w的行為都在一定程度上受著行為體心理因素的促進(jìn)與引導(dǎo),就此意義而言,只有了解政治人的心理特點(diǎn)及其發(fā)展規(guī)律,才能理解他的政治行為”。①因此,要尋求腐敗產(chǎn)生的根本原因并加以源頭防控,那就回避不了研究行為主體即腐敗參與者本身的心理機(jī)制。 腐敗作為社會(huì)行為,必然有其產(chǎn)生的心理因素。腐敗行為的心理就是研究腐敗行為主體在腐敗行為完成前對(duì)腐敗行為及其后果所表現(xiàn)出的心理狀況,是腐敗行為及其結(jié)果的一種觀念形態(tài),具體地講是腐敗行為主體在行為完成前所表現(xiàn)出的心理過(guò)程和心理實(shí)質(zhì),包括需要、動(dòng)機(jī)等要素。實(shí)際上,由于人的需要隨著實(shí)踐的發(fā)展不斷豐富,個(gè)體的動(dòng)機(jī)也是此起彼伏的。需要的無(wú)限性及多樣性促使動(dòng)機(jī)也不斷地發(fā)生變化和發(fā)展,從而激起個(gè)體各種各樣的行為活動(dòng)。當(dāng)前,我國(guó)大部分人的需要是健康的、積極的、平衡的,都能按照社會(huì)要求來(lái)調(diào)整自己的需要結(jié)構(gòu),使個(gè)人利益與社會(huì)利益相一致。但是腐敗官員所形成的是一種消極的反社會(huì)的需要結(jié)構(gòu)。這種需要結(jié)構(gòu)是社會(huì)環(huán)境中的不良因素、消極條件不斷作用的結(jié)果。其過(guò)程在于：當(dāng)不良的外在誘因改變了個(gè)體原有的需要結(jié)構(gòu)后,會(huì)逐漸導(dǎo)致個(gè)體行為動(dòng)機(jī)的演變,造成行為方面的變異,這種反饋?zhàn)饔糜诌M(jìn)一步影響個(gè)體需要結(jié)構(gòu)的不良反應(yīng),促使反社會(huì)需要結(jié)構(gòu)不斷固化,最終激發(fā)腐敗行為動(dòng)機(jī)、引發(fā)腐敗行為。 腐敗心理的產(chǎn)生以及腐敗行為的形成并非與生俱來(lái)的,而是后天逐漸形成的,具體而言,實(shí)施腐敗的心理機(jī)制的形成是受客觀環(huán)境條件和社會(huì)因素影響的結(jié)果�！案瘮⌒袨�=公共權(quán)力(物質(zhì)條件)+腐敗動(dòng)機(jī)(心理?xiàng)l件)+腐敗機(jī)會(huì)(制度條件)”。②因此只要全力消除一個(gè)或多個(gè)條件,就可以大大降低腐敗行為的發(fā)生。就這個(gè)意義而言,當(dāng)我們采取相應(yīng)的措施來(lái)預(yù)防腐敗心理因素的形成,將會(huì)大大抑制腐敗行為的發(fā)生。這應(yīng)視為我們治理腐敗的組合拳之一。 預(yù)防腐敗犯罪應(yīng)是一個(gè)內(nèi)部疏導(dǎo)與外部約束的聯(lián)動(dòng)過(guò)程。針對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)現(xiàn)行反腐敗制度中的內(nèi)部疏導(dǎo)機(jī)制相對(duì)薄弱的現(xiàn)實(shí),本文從心理學(xué)的角度出發(fā),在對(duì)行為產(chǎn)生的心理因素進(jìn)行分析的基礎(chǔ)上,提出了腐敗行為產(chǎn)生的主體心理機(jī)制,即腐敗官員在實(shí)踐活動(dòng)中,不斷創(chuàng)造私欲需要,這些需要在不良外部環(huán)境的影響下產(chǎn)生腐敗動(dòng)機(jī),最終形成腐敗行為。文章重點(diǎn)從外部環(huán)境及主體主觀因素二方面對(duì)腐敗心理的產(chǎn)生原因進(jìn)行剖析,從而提出矯治腐敗心理的相應(yīng)措施。即只有消除腐敗行為發(fā)生鏈條中的一個(gè)或多個(gè)條件：物質(zhì)條件、心理?xiàng)l件、機(jī)會(huì)條件,就能在一定程度上預(yù)防腐敗心理因素的產(chǎn)生。因此,我們既要從社會(huì)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、文化方面來(lái)制衡外部條件(公共權(quán)力),又要借助社會(huì)心理學(xué)和人格心理學(xué)理論強(qiáng)化領(lǐng)導(dǎo)干部的健康心理教育和思想政治工作,使他們樹(shù)立正確的需要觀、人生觀及價(jià)值觀,并通過(guò)完善制度體系,消除腐敗機(jī)會(huì),來(lái)預(yù)防腐敗行為的發(fā)生。唯有這樣,才能使官員形成一種“不敢腐敗”、“不想腐敗”和“不能腐敗”的心理素養(yǎng)。 基于這一主題,論文以腐敗心理的預(yù)防與治理為研究對(duì)象,在綜合運(yùn)用腐敗(犯罪)心理理論,社會(huì)心理學(xué)相應(yīng)理論的基礎(chǔ)上,采用行為科學(xué)方法,對(duì)官員的腐敗心理結(jié)構(gòu)、表現(xiàn)形式、形成原因、對(duì)策治理進(jìn)行了全面、系統(tǒng)的分析,在此基礎(chǔ)上提出了預(yù)防和治理腐敗可供操作的對(duì)策措施和建議。文章試圖從心理干預(yù)的角度探索預(yù)防及遏制腐敗的相關(guān)路徑,由此拓展新的反腐研究領(lǐng)域 全文的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)如下： “導(dǎo)論”。在導(dǎo)論部分,首先立足于國(guó)內(nèi)腐敗問(wèn)題的現(xiàn)狀,說(shuō)明在十八大重拳反腐的大背景下,預(yù)防腐敗體系構(gòu)建愈發(fā)重要,對(duì)官員腐敗心理進(jìn)行深入研究能夠?yàn)橛行Ф糁聘瘮?dòng)機(jī)的產(chǎn)生提供借鑒。接著闡述了研究腐敗心理形成的理論及現(xiàn)實(shí)意義,并對(duì)相關(guān)研究進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)梳理,最后對(duì)本論文的研究結(jié)構(gòu)和研究方法進(jìn)行了介紹。 第一章“理論闡釋”。以“官僚制”理論、“尋租理論”、“成本——收益”理論作為理論平臺(tái)分別闡釋“組織腐敗”心理、“群體腐敗”心理和“個(gè)體腐敗”心理,從理論層面剖析腐敗心理的發(fā)生機(jī)理,為實(shí)證研究提供理論依據(jù)。 第二章“實(shí)證研究”。借助心理測(cè)量量表卡特爾16項(xiàng)個(gè)性因素測(cè)驗(yàn)和人格心理量表—中國(guó)人個(gè)性測(cè)量量表對(duì)被刑罰的腐敗官員進(jìn)行測(cè)量,分析呈顯著差異的維度,討論腐敗行為與人格特質(zhì)和心理狀態(tài)的相關(guān)性。 第三章“歸因分析”。通過(guò)描述腐敗動(dòng)機(jī)的外在誘發(fā)因素和內(nèi)在驅(qū)動(dòng)因素,以及腐敗動(dòng)機(jī)的外化形式,以歸因方式分析各種導(dǎo)致腐敗心理滋生和強(qiáng)化的因素,從現(xiàn)實(shí)狀況出發(fā)進(jìn)一步探索遏制腐敗心理形成的方法。 第四章“國(guó)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)”。分析北歐、新加坡及香港等國(guó)家和地區(qū)的反腐經(jīng)驗(yàn),主要從價(jià)值引導(dǎo)、倫理道德、教育養(yǎng)成等方面進(jìn)行介紹和探討,為完善和提升我國(guó)的廉政教育體系提供借鑒和參考。 第五章“問(wèn)題揭示”。從廉政意識(shí)、制度設(shè)計(jì)及懲防機(jī)制三個(gè)層面展開(kāi),從主客體的不同角度探析存在的問(wèn)題和漏洞,揭示腐敗問(wèn)題發(fā)生的源頭,解釋腐敗心理滋生的根源和逐漸誘發(fā)的過(guò)程。 第六章“懲防體系”。從滋生腐敗的主體入手,通過(guò)加大官員腐敗成本、規(guī)范官員職務(wù)行為、筑構(gòu)官員抗腐心理三個(gè)層面,提出了使官員“不敢貪”、“不能貪”、“不想貪”的對(duì)策。其中,“不敢”是治標(biāo),“不能、不想”是治本,三者結(jié)合,實(shí)現(xiàn)標(biāo)本兼治,從而為官員預(yù)防腐敗建立起心防體系。 “總結(jié)和展望”。對(duì)文章進(jìn)行高度的概括和凝練,同時(shí)也對(duì)文章不足之處和未來(lái)研究的主要思路予以說(shuō)明。 預(yù)防官員腐敗是一項(xiàng)系統(tǒng)工程,既包括外力的約束,也強(qiáng)調(diào)內(nèi)心的修煉。論文的實(shí)證分析表明,官員的腐敗行為與其個(gè)體的心理狀態(tài)和人格特質(zhì)有著一定的相關(guān)性。因此,應(yīng)從官員入職時(shí)增加人格測(cè)試,選擇適合公職崗位的人員履任；開(kāi)展有效的廉政意識(shí)培養(yǎng),鍛煉官員堅(jiān)定的內(nèi)心；完善制度體系,壓縮腐敗空間,潔凈從政環(huán)境,讓官員專注業(yè)務(wù)；定期為官員提供心理疏導(dǎo),釋放不良情緒,消解不良認(rèn)知；提升官員待遇,滿足正常需求,創(chuàng)造從政幸福感。
[Abstract]:In the period of transition , the anti - corruption problem of China has attracted extensive attention from scholars at home and abroad , and has published a great deal of arguments . However , most of these arguments are discussed and explored in the aspects of the cause and the system of corruption , and more are the reflection and exploration of the material factors that cause corruption .

As a social behavior , corruption must have psychological factors . The psychology of corruption is to study the psychological process and psychological essence , including needs , motivation , etc .

The formation of corruption psychology and the formation of corruption are not innate , but the formation of the psychological mechanism of corruption is the result of objective environmental conditions and social factors .

This paper analyzes the causes of corruption in the context of social politics , economy and culture .

Based on this theme , the paper focuses on the prevention and management of corruption psychology . On the basis of the comprehensive application of the theory of corruption ( crime ) and the corresponding theory of social psychology , the paper makes a comprehensive and systematic analysis of the corrupt psychological structure , forms , reasons and countermeasures of officials .

The full text structure is as follows :

On the part of the introduction , first , based on the present situation of corruption in China , it is pointed out that the prevention of corruption is becoming more and more important in the large background of the anti - corruption of 18 heavy punch , which can provide reference for the effective containment of corruption motivation .

The first chapter explains the theory of " bureaucracy " , " rent seeking theory " and " cost - benefit " theory as the theoretical platform to explain " organization corruption " psychology , " group corruption " psychology and " individual corruption " psychology respectively .

The second chapter " empirical research " . With the help of psychometric scale Cattell 16 personality factor test and personality psychological scale - Chinese personality measurement scale measures the corrupt officials who were sentenced , analyzed the dimension of significant difference , discussed the correlation between corruption behavior and personality traits and psychological state .

In chapter 3 , " attribution analysis " . By describing the extrinsic factors and internal driving factors of the motivation of corruption , and the externalized form of the motive of corruption , the factors that lead to corruption psychological breeding and strengthening are analyzed in the way of attribution , and the method of suppressing the formation of corruption psychology is further explored from the reality .

Chapter Four analyses the experiences of anti - corruption in countries and regions including Northern Europe , Singapore and Hong Kong . It is mainly introduced and discussed from aspects of value guidance , ethics and education , so as to provide reference and reference for improving and improving our country ' s anti - corruption education system .

In chapter 5 , " Problem Revealing " is carried out from three aspects of incorruptible consciousness , system design and punishment prevention mechanism , and the problems and loopholes existing in different angles of subject and object are explored , the source of corruption is revealed , the root causes of corruption and the process gradually induced are explained .

Chapter 6 " Punishment and Prevention System " . From the main body of breeding corruption , by increasing the cost of official corruption , standardizing official duties and building officials ' anti - corruption psychology , this paper puts forward some countermeasures to make officials " dare to greedy " , " not greedy " and " do not want to greedy " .

At the same time , the article gives a brief description of the shortcomings of the article and the main idea of future research .

Preventing official corruption is a system engineering , which includes both external forces and internal cultivation . The empirical analysis shows that the corruption behavior of officials has a certain correlation with the psychological state and personality traits of the individual . Therefore , it is necessary to increase the personality test when the officials are in the job , and select those who are suitable for public posts ;
carry out effective anti - corruption consciousness training , exercise official firm heart ;
We should perfect the system , compress the corrupt space , clean the environment , and let the officials focus on the business ;
regularly provide psychological guidance to officials , release bad emotions , and resolve poor cognition ;
Promote the treatment of officials , meet the normal needs , and create a sense of well - being .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號(hào)】：D630.9

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本文編號(hào)：1719825