發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-19 13:54

【摘要】：在我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增速放緩趨勢(shì)越來越明顯的大環(huán)境下,2015年中央一號(hào)文件繼續(xù)把焦點(diǎn)鎖定在“三農(nóng)”問題上,農(nóng)業(yè)對(duì)我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的基礎(chǔ)推動(dòng)作用可見一斑。自2007年以來,每年的中央一號(hào)文件都直接強(qiáng)調(diào)農(nóng)業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新的重要作用,2015年中央一號(hào)文件繼續(xù)強(qiáng)調(diào)需要“強(qiáng)化農(nóng)業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動(dòng)作用”。漁業(yè)作為農(nóng)業(yè)的重要組成部分,在我國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)各個(gè)方面發(fā)揮著重要作用。然而,加快我國(guó)漁業(yè)的發(fā)展所面臨的形勢(shì)依然嚴(yán)峻,優(yōu)質(zhì)漁業(yè)資源的稀缺、來自其他國(guó)家的激烈競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、全球經(jīng)濟(jì)的整體疲軟趨勢(shì)等因素都制約著我國(guó)漁業(yè)的可持續(xù)健康發(fā)展。要提高漁業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)出有兩條路徑:一是粗放式的增長(zhǎng)路徑,即通過增加技術(shù)創(chuàng)新投入來提高創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)出。第二條路徑是集約式增長(zhǎng)路徑,即通過創(chuàng)新機(jī)制和完善體制,優(yōu)化漁業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新資源配置、激發(fā)創(chuàng)新主體工作熱情,提高漁業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新效率,通過效率提高增加科技創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)出,并且吸引社會(huì)資金投入。無論從繼續(xù)增加政府科技投入提高漁業(yè)科技供給角度,還是從探索建立基于效率提高的漁業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新機(jī)制角度,效率問題比投入問題更值得關(guān)注。與投入相比,影響漁業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新效率的因素更多,過程更復(fù)雜,解決難度也更大。可以說,漁業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新效率問題是我國(guó)漁業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新面臨的重大理論問題,也是提高漁業(yè)科技持續(xù)創(chuàng)新能力,應(yīng)對(duì)國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和滿足國(guó)內(nèi)漁業(yè)發(fā)展需要的重大現(xiàn)實(shí)問題。目前專門針對(duì)漁業(yè)的科技效率的研究還比較少,主要原因是由于關(guān)于漁業(yè)的科技投入數(shù)據(jù)是近年來才開始有全面的統(tǒng)計(jì)的,而關(guān)于效率的測(cè)算對(duì)時(shí)間跨度的要求比較長(zhǎng),所以關(guān)于漁業(yè)效率的測(cè)算還主要集中在技術(shù)效率的研究層面。本論文總的研究目的是通過建立一套科學(xué)的漁業(yè)科技投入產(chǎn)出指標(biāo)體系和效率測(cè)算模型,測(cè)算我國(guó)漁業(yè)科技成果產(chǎn)生效率和漁業(yè)科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化成生產(chǎn)力效率,在實(shí)證分析的基礎(chǔ)上,梳理影響漁業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新效率和效率的因素并提出提高漁業(yè)效率的對(duì)策。本文借鑒相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)在農(nóng)業(yè)其他領(lǐng)域關(guān)于科技效率的研究經(jīng)驗(yàn),結(jié)合漁業(yè)自身的特點(diǎn),把漁業(yè)科技效率的研究分為兩個(gè)階段,第一階段是我國(guó)漁業(yè)科技成果產(chǎn)生階段效率的測(cè)算,第二階段是漁業(yè)科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化成現(xiàn)實(shí)生產(chǎn)力階段效率的測(cè)算。本文分別測(cè)算了兩個(gè)階段的綜合效率、純技術(shù)效率和規(guī)模效率,分別分析并綜合對(duì)比了兩個(gè)階段科技效率的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r,得到幾點(diǎn)結(jié)論:第一,近年來我國(guó)的漁業(yè)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新投入產(chǎn)出結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整收到了一定成效,技術(shù)創(chuàng)新的投入產(chǎn)出比率更趨向于合理,截至2012年,我國(guó)漁業(yè)科技成果產(chǎn)生階段的效率已經(jīng)達(dá)到了有效水平。第二,高投入帶來高產(chǎn)出,但未必帶來高效率。一方面,漁業(yè)相關(guān)論文研究結(jié)果和和漁業(yè)相關(guān)的專利相對(duì)于漁業(yè)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和漁民收入而言存在投入規(guī)模過剩。另一方面,我國(guó)漁業(yè)科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化成現(xiàn)實(shí)生產(chǎn)力規(guī)模冗余的狀況越來越明顯,科技成果存在重復(fù)建設(shè)的狀況,科技成果的轉(zhuǎn)化效率比較低。第三,漁業(yè)科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化成現(xiàn)實(shí)生產(chǎn)力的規(guī)模報(bào)酬已經(jīng)進(jìn)入遞減階段,繼續(xù)加大投入可以帶來漁業(yè)科技成果的增加,但是漁業(yè)科技成果對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)生產(chǎn)力的貢獻(xiàn)會(huì)逐漸減小。在測(cè)算出我國(guó)漁業(yè)科技效率的基礎(chǔ)上,本文運(yùn)用了灰色關(guān)聯(lián)度方法,從漁業(yè)科技成果產(chǎn)生階段和漁業(yè)科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化成現(xiàn)實(shí)生產(chǎn)力階段兩個(gè)方面,分別進(jìn)行了關(guān)于漁業(yè)科技投入因素對(duì)漁業(yè)效率影響程度的研究。從整體水平上來看,無論是漁業(yè)科技成果產(chǎn)生階段還是漁業(yè)科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化成現(xiàn)實(shí)生產(chǎn)力的階段,漁業(yè)科技投入對(duì)于漁業(yè)效率的影響程度已經(jīng)達(dá)到了顯著的水平,但是沒有灰色關(guān)聯(lián)度值達(dá)到90%的影響因素。漁業(yè)科技成果產(chǎn)生階段,漁業(yè)RD科技活動(dòng)投入經(jīng)費(fèi)對(duì)漁業(yè)科技成果的規(guī)模起著至關(guān)重要的作用,而與漁業(yè)科技成果本身的技術(shù)含量關(guān)系并不大,或者說經(jīng)費(fèi)投入帶來的是規(guī)模的擴(kuò)張,但對(duì)技術(shù)水平的影響和其他因素相比起來顯得微不足道;漁業(yè)RD科技活動(dòng)投入人員的多寡與漁業(yè)科技成果息息相關(guān),漁業(yè)科技活動(dòng)人員對(duì)漁業(yè)科技規(guī)模和技術(shù)水平的影響是十分重要的;漁業(yè)RD科技活動(dòng)課題數(shù)項(xiàng)對(duì)科技成果產(chǎn)生規(guī)模的影響比較弱,而對(duì)純技術(shù)的貢獻(xiàn)十分大,這和漁業(yè)RD科技活動(dòng)課題數(shù)項(xiàng)本身性質(zhì)相符合;漁業(yè)研究與開發(fā)活動(dòng)固定資產(chǎn)的購(gòu)建對(duì)漁業(yè)科技成果產(chǎn)生效率的影響和其他因素相比最不明顯,效率的大小和固定資產(chǎn)的多少并沒有太直接的關(guān)系。漁業(yè)科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化成現(xiàn)實(shí)生產(chǎn)力階段,漁業(yè)專利對(duì)漁業(yè)科技效率的貢獻(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于漁業(yè)論文對(duì)漁業(yè)科技的貢獻(xiàn)。在純技術(shù)效率方面,漁業(yè)科技論文的貢獻(xiàn)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)的小于漁業(yè)專利的貢獻(xiàn),可見漁業(yè)專利的實(shí)用價(jià)值大于漁業(yè)論文的實(shí)用價(jià)值。理論要結(jié)合實(shí)踐才有現(xiàn)實(shí)的意義,對(duì)于我國(guó)漁業(yè)科技效率不足的問題,筆者通過實(shí)地調(diào)研、訪問專家、查閱文獻(xiàn)等方法,從科技成果本身和科技成果轉(zhuǎn)化過程兩個(gè)方面,總結(jié)了提高我國(guó)漁業(yè)科技效率面臨的障礙,分析影響我國(guó)漁業(yè)科技效率的相關(guān)因素,探討如何運(yùn)用更有效的制度和政策工具來提高我國(guó)漁業(yè)科技生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)效率,為我國(guó)漁業(yè)科技創(chuàng)新投入決策和科技創(chuàng)新政策制定提供理論依據(jù)。
[Abstract]:Under the circumstance that China's economic growth is slowing down more and more obviously, the central document No. 1 of 2015 continues to focus on the issues of agriculture, countryside and farmers. The basic role of agriculture in promoting China's economy can be seen. Since 2007, the central document No. 1 of each year has directly emphasized the important role of agricultural scientific and technological innovation, and the central document No. 1 of 2015 emphasizes the important role of agricultural scientific and technological innovation. As an important part of agriculture, fishery plays an important role in all aspects of China's national economy. However, to speed up the development of China's fishery is still facing a grim situation, the scarcity of high-quality fishery resources, fierce competition from other countries, global competition. The overall weakness of the economy and other factors restrict the sustainable and healthy development of China's fishery. There are two ways to improve the output of fishery science and technology innovation: one is the extensive growth path, that is, to increase the input of technological innovation to improve the output of innovation. Optimizing the allocation of resources for scientific and technological innovation in fisheries, stimulating the enthusiasm of innovators, improving the efficiency of scientific and technological innovation in fisheries, increasing the output of scientific and technological innovation through improving efficiency, and attracting social capital input. From the point of view of innovation mechanism, efficiency is more important than input. Compared with input, there are more factors affecting the efficiency of fishery science and technology innovation, the process is more complicated, and the solution is more difficult. At present, there are few studies on the scientific and technological efficiency of fisheries, mainly because the data on scientific and technological input of fisheries have been collected comprehensively only in recent years, and the calculation of efficiency requires a long time span. The calculation of fishery efficiency mainly focuses on the study of technical efficiency. The overall purpose of this paper is to establish a scientific input-output index system and efficiency calculation model for fishery science and technology, and to calculate the efficiency of fishery science and technology achievements and the efficiency of transforming fishery science and technology achievements into productive forces. Based on the research experience of related literature on scientific and technological efficiency in other fields of agriculture and the characteristics of fishery itself, this paper divides the research on fishery scientific and technological efficiency into two stages. The first stage is the production stage of fishery scientific and technological achievements in China. The second stage is the calculation of the efficiency of the stage when the achievements of fishery science and technology are transformed into the actual productive forces.This paper calculates the comprehensive efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency of the two stages respectively, analyzes and compares the development of the scientific and technological efficiency of the two stages separately, and draws several conclusions: First, in recent years, China's fishery industry has been transformed into a productive force. As of 2012, the efficiency of fishery scientific and technological achievements in China has reached an effective level. Second, high input brings high output, but it does not necessarily bring high efficiency. On the one hand, the results of the research on fishery related papers and related papers and On the other hand, it is becoming more and more obvious that the achievements of fishery science and technology have been transformed into the redundant scale of real productive forces, that the achievements of science and technology have been duplicated, and that the transformation efficiency of scientific and technological achievements is relatively low. The scale reward that has been transformed into real productive forces has entered a declining stage. Continuing to increase investment can bring about the increase of fishery scientific and technological achievements, but the contribution of fishery scientific and technological achievements to real productive forces will gradually decrease. In this paper, the effects of input factors of fishery science and technology on fishery efficiency were studied from two aspects: the growth stage and the transformation stage of fishery science and technology achievements into real productive forces. In the production stage of fishery scientific and technological achievements, the input funds of fishery RD scientific and technological activities play an important role in the scale of fishery scientific and technological achievements, but have little relationship with the technological content of fishery scientific and technological achievements. In other words, the expenditure brings about the expansion of the scale, but its impact on the technical level is negligible compared with other factors; the number of people invested in fishery RD activities is closely related to the achievements of fishery science and technology, and the impact of fishery science and technology personnel on the scale and technical level of fishery science and technology is very important; fishery RD science and technology The influence of several items of activities on the production scale of scientific and technological achievements is relatively weak, but the contribution to pure technology is very large, which is in accordance with the nature of several items of fishery RD scientific and technological activities; the purchase and construction of fixed assets in fishery research and development activities has the least obvious effect on the efficiency of fishery scientific and technological achievements compared with other factors, and the efficiency is very small. The contribution of fishery patents to the efficiency of fishery science and technology is far greater than that of fishery papers to the efficiency of fishery science and technology. The practical value of the theory is greater than the practical value of the fishery papers.It is of practical significance to combine theory with practice.To solve the problem of the inefficiency of fishery science and technology in China,the author summarizes how to improve the efficiency of fishery science and technology in China by means of field investigation,visiting experts and consulting literature. This paper analyzes the related factors affecting the efficiency of fishery science and technology in China, discusses how to use more effective systems and policy tools to improve the efficiency of fishery science and technology production system, and provides theoretical basis for the decision-making of investment and policy-making of fishery science and technology innovation in China.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：上海海洋大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：F326.4

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