制度、環(huán)境與勞動(dòng)積極性:重新認(rèn)識(shí)集體制時(shí)期的中國(guó)農(nóng)民
本文關(guān)鍵詞: 生產(chǎn)積極性 集體制 生產(chǎn)隊(duì) 制度環(huán)境 毛澤東時(shí)代 出處:《開(kāi)放時(shí)代》2016年06期 論文類(lèi)型:期刊論文
【摘要】:關(guān)于集體制時(shí)期中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)的低效率和農(nóng)民勞動(dòng)積極性的欠缺,近幾十年來(lái),無(wú)論在官方媒體的宣傳還是中西方學(xué)界的解讀中,皆已被廣泛接受,視為當(dāng)然。人們還把集體制農(nóng)業(yè)的這些問(wèn)題,歸咎于勞動(dòng)報(bào)酬中的平均主義政策和勞動(dòng)監(jiān)督管理上的各種困難。本文利用來(lái)自全國(guó)16個(gè)省的131份鄉(xiāng)村史訪談,把農(nóng)民的生產(chǎn)積極性問(wèn)題放到集體化時(shí)期特定的歷史和社會(huì)背景中重新加以考察,強(qiáng)調(diào)不同的正式制度(包括集體經(jīng)濟(jì)組織形式、收入分配制度、國(guó)家對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)資源的抽取過(guò)程)、非正式制度(包括村落內(nèi)部的社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)、行為規(guī)范、集體制裁、性別角色等)以及非制度因素(當(dāng)?shù)氐牡乩憝h(huán)境、自然資源和人口壓力)之間的相互作用,共同制約和激勵(lì)村民在集體生產(chǎn)中的行為。此一制度環(huán)境的復(fù)雜多變,帶來(lái)了農(nóng)民行為模式的多樣性,也解釋了集體制下的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)在不同地方和不同時(shí)期所表現(xiàn)出來(lái)的巨大差異。
[Abstract]:With regard to the low efficiency of Chinese agricultural production and the lack of farmers' enthusiasm for labor during the period of the collective system, it has been widely accepted in recent decades, both in the propaganda of the state media and in the interpretation of the Chinese and Western academic circles. Of course. People also attribute these problems of collective agriculture to the equalitarianism policy and the difficulties in the management of labor supervision. This paper uses 131 interviews on rural history from 16 provinces throughout the country. To re-examine the issue of farmers' enthusiasm for production in the specific historical and social context of the collectivization period, emphasizing different formal systems (including the form of collective economic organization and the system of income distribution), State extraction of agricultural resources, informal institutions (including social networks within villages, norms of conduct, collective sanctions, gender roles, etc.) and non-institutional factors (local geographical environment, etc.), The interaction between natural resources and population pressure restricts and motivates the behavior of villagers in collective production. It also explains the great difference of agricultural production under collective system in different places and different periods.
【作者單位】: 美國(guó)德克薩斯大學(xué)奧斯汀分校歷史系;河南大學(xué)哲學(xué)與公共管理學(xué)院;山東大學(xué)歷史系;
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】:F329
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