發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-11 14:13

【摘要】：在我國(guó)現(xiàn)有的園林史研究中,無(wú)論是通史性還是斷代性的成果,東漢園林相對(duì)于西漢而言顯得較為匱乏。由于年代久遠(yuǎn)、史料有限、古文生澀難懂,同時(shí)西漢(尤其是皇家園林)的文獻(xiàn)相對(duì)于東漢更翔實(shí),導(dǎo)致一直以來(lái)東漢園林常常被學(xué)者一筆帶過(guò),不受重視。此文通過(guò)對(duì)東漢文獻(xiàn)資料的詳細(xì)整理、歸納和分析,進(jìn)行了以下四大部分內(nèi)容的補(bǔ)充和探討：(1)整理、補(bǔ)充了東漢皇家園林的資料；(2)系統(tǒng)的整理了東漢私家園林的情況；(3)探討東漢隱逸思想和田莊式園林的發(fā)展與魏晉士人園林產(chǎn)生的聯(lián)系；(4)東漢其他類型園林,如陵園、寺廟園林、公共園林的資料整理。東漢時(shí)期,皇家造園活動(dòng)遠(yuǎn)不及西漢次數(shù)之頻繁、規(guī)模之宏大。究其原因,其一是東漢初期國(guó)力贏弱,朝廷注重休養(yǎng),提倡節(jié)儉,降低了大興土木的次數(shù)；其二是至東漢中后期,由于統(tǒng)治階級(jí)貪圖享樂(lè),喜好營(yíng)造宮室園林來(lái)滿足一己貪欲,才形成了東漢皇家造園的小高峰。此階段所建之園不再像西漢時(shí)期一味追求華麗宏偉、囊括天地,園林的規(guī)模變小了,功能逐漸向單純的娛樂(lè)、觀賞轉(zhuǎn)變,求仙祭祀僅作為其象征意義而存在：其三是東漢中后期,國(guó)力日衰,皇家園林的營(yíng)造思想上并無(wú)可圈可點(diǎn)之處,在景物布局和園林施工的技術(shù)上有所進(jìn)步。私家園林的營(yíng)建見(jiàn)于史料的數(shù)量多于西漢。東漢私家園林疊山理水的技法有很大的進(jìn)步,已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了摹寫(xiě)真山真水之局部來(lái)作假山、水體的形態(tài),水系之間的聯(lián)系也較為復(fù)雜。此文認(rèn)為東漢私家園林可分為三個(gè)脈絡(luò)來(lái)探討：其一是由王公貴族、宦官、諸侯所營(yíng)之園,此類多效仿皇宮,追求華麗,作為財(cái)富和權(quán)力的象征,園內(nèi)雖有經(jīng)營(yíng),多是一味追求奢華,并不見(jiàn)特別出彩之處；其二是士人的私家園林,如習(xí)家池,由園主人(士人)參與設(shè)計(jì)、建造并富有文人色彩,與自然環(huán)境相結(jié)合,已接近于后世文人理想中的精神寄托之處,是東漢私家園林的一大進(jìn)步之處；其三是由隱士與田莊共同結(jié)合、促進(jìn)了魏晉士人園林產(chǎn)生的田莊式園林,這類型園林在東漢的史料里還未正式出現(xiàn),但已經(jīng)可以從東漢末的仲長(zhǎng)統(tǒng)、張衡的思想中窺見(jiàn)一斑,習(xí)家池應(yīng)算作此類型園林出現(xiàn)的一個(gè)端倪,但習(xí)郁并非隱士。東漢時(shí)期,其他各類型園林都已初見(jiàn)雛形。隨著我國(guó)第一座官方寺廟白馬寺的建成,佛教迅速傳播,此后寺廟建筑迅速發(fā)展、佛教漢化、不斷收到私家園林影響。公共園林自西漢時(shí)期就已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生,東漢時(shí)期祓禊逐漸由巫術(shù)、祭祀活動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)為聚會(huì)、游玩,并帶動(dòng)公共園林的發(fā)展；東漢陵園的經(jīng)營(yíng)也更為有序。人們通常所說(shuō)的“漢代園林”是將兩漢造園混為一談的說(shuō)法。然而東漢作為我國(guó)古典園林生成期向轉(zhuǎn)折期的過(guò)渡階段,具有承上啟下的作用：既與秦、西漢一脈相承,又與魏晉緊密相連。與西漢相比,東漢人更注重現(xiàn)實(shí)生活,經(jīng)歷了王莽篡政、國(guó)富民安、黨錮之禍、宦官專權(quán)和農(nóng)民起義,個(gè)體的獨(dú)立意識(shí)覺(jué)醒了,隱逸思想大發(fā)展,文人地位的提高和園林審美的升華,最終促成了魏晉南北朝園林轉(zhuǎn)折期的到來(lái)。
[Abstract]:In the present study of garden history in China, the gardens in the Eastern Han Dynasty are scarce compared with those in the Western Han Dynasty, no matter whether they are general or chronological. Through the detailed collation, induction and analysis of the documents of the Eastern Han Dynasty, this paper makes the following four supplements and discussions: (1) collating and supplementing the materials of the imperial gardens of the Eastern Han Dynasty; (2) systematically collating the situation of the private gardens of the Eastern Han Dynasty; (3) discussing the development of the reclusive thought and the farm-style Gardens of the Eastern Han Dynasty. The reason is that the imperial gardening activities in the Eastern Han Dynasty were far less frequent and magnificent than those in the Western Han Dynasty. The second is that in the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty, because the ruling class was fond of pleasure and building palace gardens to satisfy their own greed, it formed a small peak of Royal gardening in the Eastern Han Dynasty. The third is that in the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty, the national strength declined, there was no point in the construction of imperial gardens, and there was progress in landscape layout and garden construction technology. Great progress has been made in making rockeries by portraying the real parts of mountains and rivers. The shape of the water body and the relationship between the water systems are also complicated. The second is that the private gardens of the scholars, such as Xijiachi, were designed by the owners of the gardens (scholars), constructed and full of literati color, and combined with the natural environment, have approached the spiritual sustenance of the later scholars'ideals, which is one of the great private gardens of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Thirdly, the combination of hermits and farms promoted the creation of villa-style gardens by intellectuals in Wei and Jin Dynasties. This kind of gardens has not yet formally appeared in the historical materials of the Eastern Han Dynasty, but it can be seen from the thoughts of Zhang Heng and Zhang Chang in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, other types of gardens were in their infancy. With the construction of the first official temple, Baima Temple, Buddhism spread rapidly. Since then, temple buildings have developed rapidly, Buddhism has been sinicized and influenced by private gardens. The Eastern Han Dynasty cemetery is commonly referred to as the "Han Dynasty gardening" which confuses the Han Dynasty gardening. Compared with the Western Han Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty paid more attention to the real life, experienced the misfortune of Wang Mang usurping the government, enriching the country and the people, the party gong, the eunuch authoritarianism and the peasant uprising, the awakening of individual independence consciousness, the great development of reclusive thought, the improvement of literati status and the sublimation of garden aesthetics, and finally contributed to the transition period of garden in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Coming.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：福建農(nóng)林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：TU-098.4

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