本文選題：農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老　切入點：老齡化　出處：《武漢大學(xué)》2014年博士論文

【摘要】：21世紀(jì)是中國工業(yè)化、城鎮(zhèn)化全面推進的世紀(jì)。在工業(yè)化、城鎮(zhèn)化和老齡化的多重沖擊下,中國農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老保障制度的多樣化是必然的趨勢。當(dāng)前,中國農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老保險制度仍處于起步階段,農(nóng)民的社會養(yǎng)老金水平低仍很低,商業(yè)保險尚未真正開始參與農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老保險體系的建設(shè),但這種現(xiàn)象必應(yīng)改觀�；谕晟浦袊r(nóng)村養(yǎng)老保險體系的考慮,應(yīng)在政府主導(dǎo)推動和商業(yè)保險公司積極參與下,通過政策推動和經(jīng)濟激勵等方式提高商業(yè)保險對農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老保障體系的參與水平,以促進城鄉(xiāng)的公平發(fā)展及社會養(yǎng)老保障體系的效率提升。 中國共產(chǎn)黨第十八屆三中全會提出了“經(jīng)濟體制改革是全面深化改革的重點,核心問題是處理好政府和市場的關(guān)系,使市場在資源配置中起決定性作用和更好發(fā)揮政府作用”的政策論點�，F(xiàn)代商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險制度的市場屬性保證了它可以在農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老領(lǐng)域充分發(fā)揮資源優(yōu)化配置的作用。商業(yè)保險參與農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老保險體系建設(shè)可以有效打破政府包攬一切養(yǎng)老負擔(dān)的制度慣式,充分發(fā)揮市場在農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老保險體系中的作用,提高養(yǎng)老保險系統(tǒng)的運行效率。 圍繞商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險參與農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老保險體系建設(shè)這一問題,論文沿著“為什么要參與、參與什么”、“參與的機遇是什么、困境是什么”、“政府如何推動、商業(yè)保險如何參與”的邏輯順序展開,研究了商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險參與中國農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老保險體系建設(shè)的背景、困境和方式。具體包括三個方面的內(nèi)容：第一,商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險參與農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老保險體系建設(shè)的合理性與可行性;第二,農(nóng)村商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險市場現(xiàn)狀、商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險參與農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老保障體系建設(shè)的機遇與困境;第三,提升商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險參與中國農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老保險體系建設(shè)水平的長期、中期和短期對策。 關(guān)于商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險參與農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老體系建設(shè)的合理性與可行性,論文基于社會學(xué)與經(jīng)濟學(xué)理論從四個方面進行了分析。 一方面,從公平與效率角度分析了政府、市場、個人在農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老系統(tǒng)中的關(guān)系,詳細探討了在長期存在的二元經(jīng)濟制度中,農(nóng)民相對于城鎮(zhèn)居民長期處于養(yǎng)老保障待遇的不公平地位,未得到有效的養(yǎng)老保障待遇。出于促進社會公平發(fā)展的考慮,城鎮(zhèn)經(jīng)濟應(yīng)對農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老體系進行反哺；通過精算方法,得出現(xiàn)行農(nóng)村社會養(yǎng)老保險制度(城鄉(xiāng)居保制度)的參保人的未來實際待遇水平偏低的結(jié)論；基于社會養(yǎng)老保險的制度現(xiàn)狀,分析了城鄉(xiāng)居保制度個人賬戶基金的精算不平衡性和不可持續(xù)性。通過上述分析,論文認(rèn)為商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險對農(nóng)村社會養(yǎng)老保險的補充作用不可替代。 另一方面,分析了商業(yè)保險參與養(yǎng)老保險體系建設(shè)的歷史與現(xiàn)狀、商業(yè)養(yǎng)老險在農(nóng)村發(fā)展的環(huán)境,得出結(jié)論：政府的推動是保證商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險在農(nóng)村發(fā)展的直接推動力,且在存進農(nóng)村商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險發(fā)展方面,政府公權(quán)力的作用必不可少。政府的推動包括法律法規(guī)的建立和完善、對保險公司各種優(yōu)惠制度的建立等,還包括對農(nóng)民的保費補貼、保險意識培養(yǎng)等方面。論文基于優(yōu)化理論,分析了政府保費補貼(包括對商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險和社會養(yǎng)老保險)對理性投保人終身效用提高方面的作用,以及對人們參保決策的影響；分別基于農(nóng)村一部門和城鄉(xiāng)二部門經(jīng)濟系統(tǒng)的假設(shè),研究了政府補貼對社會穩(wěn)態(tài)產(chǎn)出和社會公平的影響：政府補貼將減少社會儲蓄,進而降低經(jīng)濟發(fā)展速度,但可以有效促進社會的公平。該部分內(nèi)容的分析表明,商業(yè)保險參與養(yǎng)老保險體系建設(shè)可以促進社會公平、提高效率,政府實行激勵性措施可以促進理性個人參加商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險的積極性。 第三方面,分析了商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險相對于社會養(yǎng)老保險的優(yōu)勢：在農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟水平快速發(fā)展,農(nóng)民購買力水平迅速提高的情況下,可以滿足人們差別化的養(yǎng)老需求,提高人們的養(yǎng)老保障水平；對農(nóng)村商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險進行補貼,可以在推動保險市場發(fā)展進而促進經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的同時,進一步提高社會公平性。 第四方面,分析了商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險對農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老保險體系建設(shè)的參與方式：首先,保險企業(yè)應(yīng)從發(fā)揮企業(yè)的社會責(zé)任與提高自身發(fā)展角度重視農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老保險事業(yè)的重要意義,并在條件允可的情況下積極參與農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老保險體系建設(shè),參與的核心途徑是提供合適的保險產(chǎn)品,為農(nóng)民提供養(yǎng)老儲蓄的替代工具,發(fā)揮社會養(yǎng)老保險的補充作用；其次是參與農(nóng)村社會養(yǎng)老保險的經(jīng)辦服務(wù),提高農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老系統(tǒng)的綜合效率；最后是參與養(yǎng)老保險基金的商業(yè)化運營,提高養(yǎng)老保險基金的運行效率。 關(guān)于商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險參與農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老保障體系建設(shè)的機遇與困境,論文從三個方面進行了分析。首先,中國農(nóng)村保險市場供給不足,需求乏力。由于經(jīng)營成本高、市場不成熟、缺少政策推動等原因,保險公司不太愿意介入農(nóng)村保險市場；由于經(jīng)濟基礎(chǔ)薄弱,農(nóng)民保費負擔(dān)水平低等原因,在缺乏政府有力推動的前提下,農(nóng)民對商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險需求乏力。其次,傳統(tǒng)的養(yǎng)老文化和儲蓄文化是商業(yè)保險參與農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老保險體系建設(shè)的阻礙因素。中國人的家庭養(yǎng)老觀念和養(yǎng)老文化根深蒂固,人們往往依靠子女或家人養(yǎng)老,或者通過自助方式養(yǎng)老。中國人具有很高的儲蓄傾向,但對帶有儲蓄性質(zhì)的商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險缺乏信任,通常把錢存入銀行或個人持有。最后,中國農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展和農(nóng)民收入水平的提高、政府對農(nóng)村民生問題的重視將提供商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險參與農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老制度建設(shè)的良好契機。 為實際分析農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老現(xiàn)狀和農(nóng)民對商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險的需求,論文對江蘇蘇南典型農(nóng)村地區(qū)的商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險發(fā)展相對潛力進行了多因素綜合評價,通過問卷調(diào)查,分析了農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老現(xiàn)狀和商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險需求現(xiàn)狀,并對需求影響因素進行了研究。首先,基于縣域視角,收集宏觀數(shù)據(jù),通過專家咨詢,遵循指標(biāo)體系的設(shè)計原則并考慮數(shù)據(jù)的可及性,建立農(nóng)村商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ脑u價指標(biāo)體系,采用因子分析和聚類分析方法對蘇南農(nóng)村商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險的發(fā)展?jié)摿M行了評價。其次,進行整群抽樣,并根據(jù)抽樣所得的樣本數(shù)據(jù),對蘇南典型地區(qū)農(nóng)村常住成年居民的人口社會學(xué)特征進行分析,對調(diào)查對象關(guān)于商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險的態(tài)度、認(rèn)同感、購買意愿和繳費能力進行了研究。結(jié)果表明,蘇南農(nóng)民總體上對商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險的認(rèn)同度低、繳費能力不足。 關(guān)于提升商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險參與中國農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老保險體系建設(shè)水平的對策,論文從兩個方面進行了分析。 一是研究了部分典型國家和地區(qū)多支柱養(yǎng)老保險體系的制度特征,對其可供借鑒的經(jīng)驗進行了總結(jié)。研究表明：一方面,多支柱共存并協(xié)同發(fā)展是系統(tǒng)性提高農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老保障水平的必由之路,單純依靠政府提供的現(xiàn)收現(xiàn)付制的養(yǎng)老保險在人口結(jié)構(gòu)不斷趨向于倒金字塔結(jié)構(gòu)時必然不可持續(xù)；第二方面,政府對提高商業(yè)制度參與養(yǎng)老保障體系建設(shè)具有根本性作用。只有在政府的主導(dǎo)下,在政府的優(yōu)惠政策推動下,商業(yè)養(yǎng)老計劃才能得到良好發(fā)展；第三方面,政府應(yīng)充分意識農(nóng)民養(yǎng)老保障的需求特點,通過良好的制度設(shè)置和政策優(yōu)惠來提高其養(yǎng)老保障水平；第四方面,政府應(yīng)通過激勵措施,鼓勵富裕農(nóng)民參加商業(yè)保險計劃,以作為示范,從而引導(dǎo)和提高農(nóng)民通過商業(yè)保險提高個人養(yǎng)老水平的意識。 二是分析了推動商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險參與中國農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老保險制度建設(shè)的對策。一方面,從長期看,應(yīng)建立適應(yīng)經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的城鄉(xiāng)五支柱養(yǎng)老保障體系,在該體系中應(yīng)適當(dāng)強化和提升商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險的地位和作用。另一方面,從中期看,應(yīng)通過政府引導(dǎo)、市場運作的方式推動商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險在農(nóng)村的發(fā)展,并且,政府在商業(yè)養(yǎng)老保險的條款設(shè)置、費率厘定等各方面應(yīng)發(fā)揮主導(dǎo)性作用。同時,可考慮將各種涉農(nóng)補貼統(tǒng)一到商業(yè)化運營的養(yǎng)老保險統(tǒng)一賬戶,以提高人們的養(yǎng)老保險參與意識、提高養(yǎng)老保險的替代率水平。在該過程中,保險企業(yè)應(yīng)當(dāng)遵從保本微利的原則參與相關(guān)保險產(chǎn)品的經(jīng)營。第三方面,從短期看,政府應(yīng)通過政策優(yōu)惠措施推動商業(yè)保險參與農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老保險制度建設(shè)；保險企業(yè)應(yīng)足夠重視農(nóng)村養(yǎng)老市場,針對農(nóng)村市場的需求特點,加強產(chǎn)品創(chuàng)新,以滿足農(nóng)民多層次、多樣化的保險需求。
[Abstract]:In the 21st century , China ' s rural endowment insurance system ' s diversification is inevitable trend . Under the multi - impact of industrialization , urbanization and aging , China ' s rural endowment insurance system is still in its infancy , the social pension of farmers is still low , and the commercial insurance has not really started to participate in the construction of the rural endowment insurance system .

The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Third Plenary Session of the Communist Party of China put forward that " economic system reform is the focus of comprehensive deepening reform . The core issue is to deal with the relationship between the government and the market , to make the market play a decisive role in the allocation of resources and to better play the role of the government . The market attribute of the modern commercial endowment insurance system ensures that it can play a role in optimizing the allocation of resources in the field of endowment insurance .

This paper studies the background , predicament and mode of the participation of commercial endowment insurance in the construction of rural endowment insurance system in China . The article includes three aspects : First , the current situation of the rural commercial endowment insurance market , the opportunity and the predicament of the construction of the rural endowment insurance system ; and thirdly , the long - term , medium - term and short - term countermeasures to improve the level of the construction of the rural endowment insurance system in China .

On the basis of sociology and economics theory , this paper analyzes the rationality and feasibility of the participation of commercial endowment insurance in the construction of rural pension system .

On the one hand , the relationship between the government , the market and the individual in the rural pension system is analyzed from the angle of fairness and efficiency . In the long - term existence of the dual economic system , the unequal status of the farmers with respect to the treatment of the old - age pension is discussed in detail .
Through the actuarial method , the conclusion that the future actual treatment level of the insured person of the present rural social endowment insurance system ( urban and rural residential security system ) is low ;
Based on the present situation of the social endowment insurance system , the actuarial imbalance and the non - sustainability of the individual account funds of the urban and rural residential security system are analyzed . Through the above analysis , the paper concludes that the supplementary role of the commercial endowment insurance on the rural social endowment insurance is not replaced .

On the other hand , the author analyzes the history and present situation of the participation of commercial insurance in the construction of endowment insurance system , and concludes that the government ' s promotion is the direct driving force to guarantee the development of commercial endowment insurance in rural areas .
Based on the hypothesis of the economic system of rural one and two sectors of urban and rural areas , the effects of government subsidy on social steady output and social equity are studied : government subsidy will reduce social savings and then decrease the speed of economic development , but it can promote the fairness of society . The analysis of this part shows that the participation of commercial insurance in the construction of endowment insurance system can promote social fairness and increase efficiency , and the government ' s incentive measures can promote the initiative of rational individuals to participate in commercial pension insurance .

The third part analyzes the advantages of the commercial endowment insurance relative to the social endowment insurance : in the case of the rapid development of the rural economy and the rapid increase of the purchasing power of the farmers , it is possible to meet the needs of people ' s difference and raise the level of pension insurance ;
The subsidy to the rural commercial endowment insurance can further improve the social fairness while promoting the development of the insurance market and promoting the economic development .

The fourth aspect analyzes the mode of participation of the commercial endowment insurance on the construction of the rural endowment insurance system : firstly , the insurance enterprise should pay attention to the important meaning of the rural endowment insurance enterprise from the point of play the social responsibility of the enterprise and improve the development angle of the rural endowment insurance , and actively participate in the construction of the rural endowment insurance system under the condition that the conditions permit , the core way of participation is to provide the appropriate insurance product , provide the substitute tool of the old - age savings for the farmers , and play the complementary role of the social endowment insurance ;
Secondly , it takes part in the management of rural endowment insurance and improves the comprehensive efficiency of the rural endowment insurance system .
Finally , it takes part in the commercial operation of endowment insurance fund to improve the running efficiency of endowment insurance fund .

With regard to the opportunities and difficulties of the participation of commercial endowment insurance in the construction of rural old - age security system , the paper analyzes three aspects : firstly , the supply of Chinese rural insurance market is insufficient and the demand is weak . The insurance company is unwilling to intervene in the rural insurance market because of the high operating cost , immature market and lack of policy promotion .
Because of the weak economic foundation and the low burden of farmers ' premiums , the traditional pension culture and savings culture are the obstacles to the construction of the rural endowment insurance system . Secondly , the traditional pension culture and the savings culture are the obstacles to the construction of the rural endowment insurance system . The Chinese people tend to rely on their children or their families to support the old - age insurance system . In the end , the development of Chinese rural economy and the increase of farmers ' income level , the government attaches great importance to the rural livelihood issues , which will provide a good opportunity for the participation of the commercial pension insurance in the construction of the rural old - age pension system .

In order to analyze the present situation of rural old - age pension and the demand of farmers for commercial pension insurance , this paper makes a comprehensive evaluation on the relative potential of the development of commercial pension insurance in the typical rural areas of Jiangsu Province .

With regard to the countermeasures to promote the participation of commercial endowment insurance in the construction of rural endowment insurance system in China , this paper analyzes two aspects .

The first is to study the institutional characteristics of the multi - pillar pension insurance system in some typical countries and regions , and summarize the experiences which can be used for reference . The research shows that on the one hand , multi - pillar coexistence and cooperative development are the only way to improve the level of rural old - age security .
In the second part , the government has a fundamental role in improving the participation of the commercial system in the construction of the old - age security system . Only under the leadership of the government , under the government ' s preferential policy , the commercial pension scheme can be well developed .
In the third part , the government should fully realize the characteristics of the needs of the farmers ' pension insurance , and improve the level of the pension security through good institutional setting and preferential policies .
In the fourth part , the government should encourage rich peasants to participate in commercial insurance schemes through incentives to guide and improve the awareness of farmers through commercial insurance to raise individual pension levels .

On the other hand , in the medium term , the government should promote the development of the old - age insurance system in the rural areas through government guidance and market operation . At the same time , the government should adopt the principle of government guidance and market operation to promote the development of the insurance products in rural areas . In the third aspect , the government should adopt policy preferential measures to promote the construction of the rural endowment insurance system through policy preferential measures .
The insurance enterprise should pay enough attention to the rural old - age market , aiming at the demand characteristic of the rural market and strengthening the product innovation so as to meet the multi - level and diversified insurance demand of farmers .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：武漢大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2014
【分類號】：F842.67;F323.89

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