【摘要】： 本論文旨在通過對(duì)2至6歲漢語普通話兒童的語音習(xí)得進(jìn)行大規(guī)模的斷層調(diào)查,來研究聲母習(xí)得順序和錯(cuò)誤替代類型,文中首先對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行詳細(xì)的描寫,然后通過優(yōu)選論的理論框架來解釋習(xí)得順序和錯(cuò)誤產(chǎn)生的原因。 漢語普通話語音習(xí)得的大規(guī)模數(shù)據(jù)在大陸還不是很多,此研究在石家莊的3所幼兒園選取了149名從2歲至6歲的兒童,通過試驗(yàn),獲取他們的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)。 基于數(shù)據(jù),本文給出了音段的習(xí)得順序,音段的習(xí)得年齡,以及音段的習(xí)得關(guān)鍵期。關(guān)鍵期就是某個(gè)音段在某個(gè)階段進(jìn)步十分明顯。有些音的習(xí)得期和關(guān)鍵期一致,有些則不一致。 通過對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)的比較分析,我們發(fā)現(xiàn)習(xí)得過程中的很多現(xiàn)象,有些現(xiàn)象跟先前的研究相符,有些則不相符。下面是本文的發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)果。 對(duì)于塞音,前輔音早于后輔音,/t/早于/k/。但對(duì)于擦音和塞擦音就不一定如此。 送氣與不送氣的對(duì)立是漢語的一個(gè)特征。我們發(fā)現(xiàn)送氣音晚于不送氣音。但送氣這一特征在2歲半至3歲這個(gè)階段習(xí)得,之后兒章幾乎就不再犯關(guān)于送氣的錯(cuò)誤了。 塞音早于擦音和塞擦音。擦音普遍早于塞擦音。但也有個(gè)別例外,如/s/。 擦音中/x/和/(?)/是最早被習(xí)得的,其次是/f/。從擦音和塞擦音的發(fā)音部位來說,舌面音習(xí)得早于卷舌音。卷舌音習(xí)得早于齒齦音。 齒齦和卷舌擦音和塞擦音極易顎化。 邊音/l/較晚。 滑音和鼻音較早。 /t/在漢語兒童語言中是最普遍的音,幾乎所有兒童存在困難的音都以一定的比率被發(fā)成/t/。 除了上面的關(guān)于音段習(xí)得順序的發(fā)現(xiàn)之外,另一個(gè)最主要的發(fā)現(xiàn)是音段的習(xí)得順序跟替代類型之間的匹配。通過不同輔音之間的替代,以及某些音段習(xí)得的同時(shí)性,我們建立了一個(gè)替代關(guān)系圖。 在這些替代關(guān)系中,我們還發(fā)現(xiàn)了一個(gè)重要的現(xiàn)象,那就是有些替代關(guān)系可以傳遞,我們?cè)谖闹薪卸翁娲蚨啻翁娲�。這種替代關(guān)系簡(jiǎn)單的說就是如果存在音段A被音段B替代,音段B被音段C替代,那么就有音段A被音段C替代。從A到C的替代過程中出現(xiàn)了替代的傳遞。并且傳遞關(guān)系的停止也很有規(guī)律,一旦B到C的替代停止了,那么A到C的替代也隨之停止。 從兒童的替代模式到能正確發(fā)音的過程中間,我們看見了兒童語音的發(fā)展。通過在優(yōu)選論框架下的分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)在本試驗(yàn)中,年齡小的兒童的制約條件還排序還沒有完全確定,還存在標(biāo)記性制約條件位于忠實(shí)性制約條件之上的現(xiàn)象,但隨著兒童的發(fā)展,制約條件的排序逐漸穩(wěn)定下來,并且達(dá)到了與成人一致的排序,忠實(shí)性制約條件位于標(biāo)記性制約條件之上。
[Abstract]:The purpose of this paper is to study the order and error substitution types of consonant acquisition through a large-scale tomographic survey of phonetic acquisition of Chinese Putonghua children aged 2 to 6 years old. First of all, the data are described in detail. Then the theoretical framework of optimization theory is used to explain the order of acquisition and the causes of errors. There are not many large-scale data on Mandarin phonetic acquisition in mainland China. 149 children between the ages of 2 and 6 were selected from three kindergartens in Shijiazhuang, and their relevant data were obtained through experiments. Based on the data, this paper gives the acquisition order of segments, the acquisition age of segments, and the key period of segment acquisition. The key period is that a certain segment progress is very obvious at a certain stage. The acquisition period of some sounds is consistent with the critical period, while others are inconsistent. Through the comparative analysis of the data, we find that many phenomena in the acquisition process, some phenomena are consistent with the previous study, some are not consistent. The following are the findings of this paper. For plug sound, the front consonant is earlier than the rear consonant, / t / before / k. But this is not necessarily the case for erasing and erasing sounds. The opposition between gas delivery and non-gas delivery is a feature of Chinese. We found that the air tone was later than the no air sound. But the characteristic of gas delivery was learned between the ages of 2 and a half and 3, and since then there has been little mistake about gas delivery. The sound of the plug is earlier than the sound of the wipe and the sound of the plug. The erasing sound is generally earlier than the erasing sound. However, there are individual exceptions, such as / s / s. Erasing / x / and / (?) / was the first to be learned, followed by / f. In terms of the pronunciation of scraping and erasing sounds, the tongue surface sound is acquired earlier than the rolling tongue sound. Curling tongue sounds are acquired earlier than gum sounds. Gums and curls are easy to jaw. The sideline / l / is late. Slippery and nasal sounds are earlier. / t / is the most common sound in Chinese children's language, and almost all difficult sounds in children are pronounced at a certain rate. In addition to the above findings on the order of segment acquisition, another of the most important findings is the matching between the acquisition order of segments and the type of substitution. Through the substitution between different consonants and the chronicity of some segments acquisition, we establish an alternative relation diagram. In these substitution relationships, we have also found an important phenomenon, that is, some substitution relations can be transferred, which we call secondary substitution or multiple substitution in this paper. This substitution relationship is simply that if segment A is replaced by segment B and segment B is replaced by segment C, then segment A is replaced by segment C. There is an alternative transfer in the process of substitution from A to C. And the stop of the transitive relationship is also very regular, once the substitution of B to C stops, then the substitution of A to C also stops. From the substitution mode of children to the correct pronunciation process, we have seen the development of children's pronunciation. Through the analysis under the framework of optimization theory, it is found that in this experiment, the order of constraints for young children has not been completely determined, and there is still a phenomenon that the marked constraints are above the constraints of faithfulness, but with the development of children, The ranking of constraints has gradually stabilized and reached the same ranking as adults, and the constraints of faithfulness are above the marked constraints.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：湖南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2009
【分類號(hào)】：G613.2

【參考文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前8條

1 司玉英;;普通話兒童語音習(xí)得的個(gè)案研究[J];當(dāng)代語言學(xué);2006年01期

2 馬秋武;優(yōu)選論的表層制約以及制約條件的普遍性——從普通話的音節(jié)組構(gòu)談起[J];外語學(xué)刊;2004年02期

3 馬秋武;洪薇;;OT制約條件:交互關(guān)系與表現(xiàn)方式[J];外語與外語教學(xué);2008年02期

4 馬秋武;OT語法的可學(xué)性研究[J];外國(guó)語(上海外國(guó)語大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào));2003年05期

5 李兵;當(dāng)代音系學(xué)的方法論特征[J];現(xiàn)代外語;2001年01期

6 李行德;語言發(fā)展理論和漢語兒童語言[J];現(xiàn)代外語;1997年04期

7 李兵;優(yōu)選論的產(chǎn)生、基本原理與應(yīng)用[J];現(xiàn)代外語;1998年03期

8 石鋒;溫寶瑩;;漢語普通話兒童的元音發(fā)展[J];中國(guó)語文;2007年05期

，

本文編號(hào)：2478149