本文選題：青少年　切入點(diǎn)：心理　出處：《西南大學(xué)》2011年博士論文

【摘要】：心理理論(theory of mind ToM)是理解自己及他人的心理狀態(tài),并據(jù)此解釋與預(yù)測(cè)行為的能力。對(duì)于成人,國(guó)外已有成人心理理論的行為學(xué)研究主要集中在心理理論的信念加工方式、心理理論與執(zhí)行功能、心理理論與語(yǔ)言、心理理論的老年化研究等方面,是兒童心理理論研究范式和研究?jī)?nèi)容在成人身上的擴(kuò)展性運(yùn)用,較多地傾向于成人心理理論認(rèn)知層面的研究。國(guó)內(nèi)研究正常成人心理理論的行為學(xué)非常少,綜述僅兩篇,實(shí)證研究只有三項(xiàng)(第一章)。 馬基雅維里主義信仰者(Machiavellian)特別重視個(gè)人利益,善于操控他人,應(yīng)該是優(yōu)秀的讀心者(mind reading)。一些研究發(fā)現(xiàn)成人或大學(xué)生的心理理論水平(主要是通過(guò)眼任務(wù)和心理理論故事任務(wù)來(lái)測(cè)量)與其馬基雅維里主義信仰呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)(如,Lee, Ashton,2005, Lyons, Caldwell,Shultz,2010)或者正相關(guān)(如,DavisStone,2003; Sutton,2001)或者不相關(guān)(如,Ali,Chamorro-Premuzic,2010)。另一方面,許多研究發(fā)現(xiàn)男性馬基雅維里主義信仰程度顯著高于女性(如,Andrew, Cooke,Muncer,2008; Austin, Farrelly, Black, Moore,2007; Muncer,Ling,2006; McHoskey,2001)。如果成人或大學(xué)生的心理理論水平與其馬基雅維里主義信仰呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān)或者正相關(guān)或者不相關(guān),那么馬基雅維里主義信仰程度越高者其心理理論能力就會(huì)傾向于越低或越高或相關(guān)不顯著；又由于男性馬基雅維里主義信仰程度顯著高于女性,那么是否可以由此推測(cè)男性的心理理論水平相對(duì)于女性更低或更高或沒(méi)有顯著相關(guān)?或者換一句話說(shuō),馬基雅維里主義信仰對(duì)不同性別心理理論水平的影響機(jī)制是否相同?國(guó)外已有的研究沒(méi)有回答該問(wèn)題,中國(guó)大陸還沒(méi)有研究者研究成人心理理論水平、性別、馬基雅維里主義信仰這三者之間的關(guān)系,這是本研究關(guān)注的第一個(gè)問(wèn)題。 從發(fā)展的角度看,對(duì)兒童心理理論與馬基雅維里主義量表(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)馬氏量表)的研究結(jié)果與成人的發(fā)現(xiàn)有所不同。較多的研究支持高馬基雅維里主義信仰兒童有更優(yōu)的心理理論技能(Sutton, Smith,Swettenham,1999; Sutton,Keogh, 2000; Andreou,2004; Arefi,2010)。因此從發(fā)展的角度考察青少年心理理論水平與人格影響因素如馬基雅維里主義信仰程度之間的發(fā)展變化關(guān)系,是本研究關(guān)注的第二個(gè)問(wèn)題。 Nettle和Liddle(2008)發(fā)現(xiàn)大五人格因素中的宜人性(Agreeable)與心理理論操作的社會(huì)知覺(jué)因素(" Reading the Mind in the Eyes " Test)無(wú)關(guān)。該研究中女大學(xué)生比男大學(xué)生的宜人性顯著更高,但女大學(xué)生在眼部照片任務(wù)(以下簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)眼任務(wù))的成績(jī)僅略微高于男大學(xué)生(差異不顯著)。這似乎不太符合常理。既然女大學(xué)生宜人性顯著更高,可以合理推測(cè)相對(duì)而言她們也是對(duì)他人情緒更敏感、更體貼的,但為何在根據(jù)眼部區(qū)域識(shí)別情緒的眼任務(wù)上的成績(jī)與男大學(xué)生之間的差異不顯著呢?更準(zhǔn)確的表達(dá)是,高宜人性的女大學(xué)生是否在以眼任務(wù)為代表的心理理論能力也更高呢?Nettle和Liddle (2008)的研究中沒(méi)有提及這一點(diǎn)。這是本研究感興趣的第三個(gè)問(wèn)題(第二章)。 為了與國(guó)外同類(lèi)研究結(jié)果相對(duì)照,本研究的心理理論測(cè)量工具和人格測(cè)量工具與國(guó)外其他研究者采用的研究工具一致。在正式研究前,對(duì)英文版眼任務(wù)做了大量耐心、細(xì)致的工作以確保翻譯的準(zhǔn)確性(第三章)。對(duì)人格測(cè)量工具馬基雅維里主義量表和IPIP人格量表做了預(yù)研究,綜合考慮探索性因素分析的結(jié)果和量表原有的因素、結(jié)構(gòu),最終確定在正式研究中保持這兩種人格量表最初的因素和結(jié)構(gòu)不變(第四章)。 運(yùn)用馬基雅維里主義量表和IPIP人格量表,采用多層嵌套的故事心理理論任務(wù)和眼任務(wù),對(duì)18歲及18歲以上的118名大學(xué)生(平均年齡20.77歲,SD=1.32)的心理理論特點(diǎn)及人格影響因素展開(kāi)研究(第五章)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),大學(xué)生在IPIP人格量表中的宜人性測(cè)量與其眼任務(wù)成績(jī)沒(méi)有顯著相關(guān),宜人性的性別差異也不顯著。多重嵌套的故事心理理論任務(wù)在大學(xué)生中達(dá)到天花板效應(yīng),與性別、IPIP人格量表、馬氏量表之間的相關(guān)均不顯著。大學(xué)女生的眼任務(wù)成績(jī)顯著好于大學(xué)男生。大學(xué)男生的馬基雅維里主義信仰得分趨于顯著地高于女生(p=0.69)。在馬氏量表上得分越高的大學(xué)女生其在眼任務(wù)的成績(jī)也越好。 從大學(xué)生的研究可知,以眼任務(wù)為代表的心理理論僅與馬基雅維里主義量表和性別有關(guān)。運(yùn)用馬基雅維里主義量表和眼任務(wù),研究323名13歲到17歲中學(xué)生(平均年齡15.28歲,SD=1.34)心理理論的發(fā)展及其與馬基雅維利主義信仰的關(guān)系(第六章)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)：隨年齡的增長(zhǎng),中學(xué)生以眼任務(wù)為代表的心理理論和馬基雅維里主義量表(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)馬氏量表)測(cè)量的馬基雅維利主義信仰均在逐步發(fā)展。男中學(xué)生16歲、女中學(xué)生17歲是以眼任務(wù)為代表的心理理論能力發(fā)展較為快速的飛躍時(shí)期；男中學(xué)生16歲、女中學(xué)生16歲是其馬基雅維里主義信仰發(fā)展較為快速的飛躍時(shí)期；男中學(xué)生14歲、女中學(xué)生14歲是以眼任務(wù)為代表的心理理論能力和馬基雅維里主義信仰發(fā)展最為低谷的時(shí)期。可能與青春期的動(dòng)蕩有關(guān)。 中學(xué)女生在眼任務(wù)為代表的心理理論能力方面顯著高于中學(xué)男生。中學(xué)男生的馬基雅維里主義信仰程度顯著高于中學(xué)女生。女中學(xué)生的馬基雅維利主義信仰程度越高,其在眼任務(wù)為代表的心理理論能力也越高。 自16歲以后到18歲及18歲以上(本研究中大學(xué)生最大年齡為25歲),青少年的馬基雅維里主義信仰、以眼任務(wù)代表的心理理論能力平穩(wěn)發(fā)展,無(wú)顯著差異(第七章)。18歲及以上年齡的眼任務(wù)、馬基雅維里主義信仰都顯著高于13歲、14歲、15歲的中學(xué)生。 本研究支持這樣的觀點(diǎn)：馬基雅維利主義信仰對(duì)于青少年男女生心理理論水平(以眼任務(wù)為代表)的影響機(jī)制是不同的,青少年女生馬基雅維利主義信仰程度越高,其在眼任務(wù)為代表的心理理論的能力也顯著更高。而馬基雅維利主義信仰程度的高低對(duì)于青少年男生以眼任務(wù)為代表的心理理論水平?jīng)]有顯著影響(第八章)。該結(jié)論仍需要進(jìn)一步的系統(tǒng)研究。未來(lái)的研究要注重改進(jìn)眼任務(wù),修訂馬氏量表,進(jìn)一步系統(tǒng)研究性別、馬基雅維利主義信仰、心理理論等三者之間的關(guān)系。
[Abstract]:The psychological theory of mind ToM is an understanding of the psychological state of oneself and others , and explains the ability to predict the behavior accordingly . For adults , the behavioral research of adult psychological theories in foreign countries mainly focuses on the belief processing way , psychological theory and execution function , psychological theory and language , psychology theory .


Mr . makiavellian pays special attention to personal interests , is good at manipulating others , and should be a good reader . Some studies have found that the psychological level of the adult or college students ( mainly measured by the task of eye and psychological theories ) is negatively correlated with its makiavelli doctrine ( e.g . Lee , Ashton , 2005 , Lyons , Caldwell , Shultz , 2010 ) or is not relevant ( e.g . , Ali , Arafat - Premugged , 2010 ) . On the other hand , many studies have found that there is a significantly higher level of religious belief in males than females ( e.g . Andrew , Cooke , Muncer , 2008 ; Austin , Farrelly , Black , Moore , 2007 ; Muncer , Ling , 2006 ; McMankey , 2001 ) . If the level of psychological theory of adult or college students is negatively correlated with or is not related to that of makiavelli doctrine , then the higher the psychological theory ability of makiavelli doctrine , the lower or higher or less relevant ;
It is the first question to be concerned about the relationship between the level of adult psychological theory , sex , and Makiavelli ' s belief in the mainland of China .


From the perspective of development , the results of the research on children ' s psychological theory and the makiavelli scale are different from those found in adults ( Sutton , Smith , Swetsuit , 1999 ; Sutton , Keogh , 2000 ; Andreou , 2004 ; Arefi , 2010 ) . Therefore , from the perspective of development , it is the second problem to pay attention to the relationship between the level of psychological theory and the influence factors of personality , such as the degree of faith in Makiavelli doctrine .


Nettle and Liddle ( 2008 ) found that it was not relevant to the social perception factors ( " Reading the Mind in the Eyes " Test ) of the psychological theory operation . Female college students were only slightly more sensitive and considerate than male students in the eye photograph task ( hereinafter referred to as the eye task ) .


In order to compare with the research results from abroad , the research tool and the personality measurement tool are consistent with the research tools adopted by other foreign researchers . Before the formal study , we have done a lot of patience and careful work to ensure the accuracy of translation ( chapter 3 ) . The results of exploratory factor analysis and the original factors and structure of the scale are comprehensively considered , and the initial factors and structure of the two personality inventory are determined in the formal study ( chapter IV ) .


The psychological and personality factors of 118 college students aged 18 and over ( mean age : 20.77 years , SD = 1.32 ) and personality influence factors were studied by using the makiavelli scale and the IPIP Personality Inventory ( IPIP ) .


From the study of college students , the psychological theory represented by the eye task is only related to the Makiavelli ' s scale and gender , and the relationship between the psychological theory of 323 students aged 13 to 17 ( mean age 15.28 years , SD = 1.34 ) and the relationship between them ( Chapter 6 ) are studied .
The 16 - year - old middle school students and 16 - year - old middle school students are the fast - leap - leap days in the development of Makiavelli ' s beliefs .
The 14 - year - old male middle school student is a 14 - year - old female middle school student , the psychological theory ability which is represented by the eye task and the period of the development of Makiavelli doctrine . It may be related to the turbulence of adolescence .


Secondary school girls are significantly higher in mental theory than in middle school boys in the eyes of middle school boys . The higher levels of Makiavelli ' s belief in middle school boys are higher than those in secondary school girls . The higher the degree of Makiya Velitism in secondary school students , the higher the mental theoretical ability of the students in the eye task .


From the age of 16 to over 18 years and over 18 years of age ( college students in this study are 25 years old ) , there is no significant difference ( Chapter 7 ) . The mental theories of the eye task represent stable development without significant difference ( Chapter VII ) . The eye tasks of the age of 18 and above are all significantly higher than that of middle school students aged 13 , 14 and 15 .


This study supports the view that the influence mechanism of the Makiavelli doctrine on the psychological theory level of adolescent boys and girls ( represented by the eye task ) is different . The higher the Makiya Velitism , the higher the level of the psychological theory represented by the task of the eye , the conclusion still needs further systematic research . The future research should pay attention to improving the eye task , revising the Martens scale , and further studying the relationship between the gender , the Markiya Vilianism belief and the psychological theory .

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2011
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：B844.2

【引證文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前3條

1 程素萍;翁婷婷;丁建;;大學(xué)生心理理論及其與元認(rèn)知、情緒智力的關(guān)系[J];中國(guó)健康心理學(xué)雜志;2012年11期

2 劉勇;陳健芷;姜夢(mèng);李響;;大學(xué)生馬基雅維里主義信仰特點(diǎn)及其與心理理論的關(guān)系[J];社會(huì)心理科學(xué);2012年Z1期

3 何琳琳;陳勇;;馬基雅維里主義水平對(duì)大學(xué)生博弈表現(xiàn)的影響研究[J];西南民族大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)(人文社會(huì)科學(xué)版);2014年08期

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前6條

1 安敏;聾人大學(xué)生心理理論的特點(diǎn)及其與和諧心理的關(guān)系研究[D];鄭州大學(xué);2012年

2 強(qiáng)偉;大學(xué)生心理理論的特點(diǎn)及其與情緒調(diào)節(jié)策略的關(guān)系研究[D];鄭州大學(xué);2012年

3 劉晴芳;大學(xué)生面試作偽行為現(xiàn)狀調(diào)查及對(duì)策分析[D];南昌大學(xué);2012年

4 蔡文娟;青少年權(quán)謀傾向和孤獨(dú)感的關(guān)系[D];鄭州大學(xué);2013年

5 許歡樂(lè);權(quán)謀傾向、移情水平和自尊與青少年情緒和行為問(wèn)題的關(guān)系研究[D];鄭州大學(xué);2013年

6 張鉦易;中國(guó)成人“心理理論”測(cè)評(píng)系統(tǒng)的編制與適用性[D];天津師范大學(xué);2013年

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