制度變遷視角下我國大學(xué)去行政化問題研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-09-04 06:45
【摘要】：大學(xué)行政化是當(dāng)下中國大學(xué)的普遍現(xiàn)象,也是近幾年來社會(huì)各界關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)之一。大學(xué)行政化問題能否妥善解決,已成為我國大學(xué)能否產(chǎn)出高質(zhì)量科研成果和創(chuàng)新型人才,完成其使命和任務(wù)的關(guān)鍵。大學(xué)行政化問題解決好了,我國高等教育才能科學(xué)發(fā)展,建設(shè)世界一流大學(xué)是的目標(biāo)才有可能實(shí)現(xiàn)。 縱觀中西大學(xué)的起源和發(fā)展變遷,我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個(gè)相逆的路徑。首先,從西方大學(xué)起源和變遷的走向來看,是以大學(xué)精神為指導(dǎo),以學(xué)術(shù)組織來建設(shè)和管理的自下而上的過程。一般認(rèn)為,現(xiàn)代大學(xué)起源于西方,西方大學(xué)直接從歐洲中世紀(jì)大學(xué)發(fā)展而來。中世紀(jì)大學(xué)經(jīng)歷了漫長的制度變遷,逐步脫離教會(huì)的控制而走向世俗化,以19世紀(jì)初德國洪堡創(chuàng)辦柏林大學(xué)將科學(xué)引入大學(xué)并與教學(xué)相結(jié)為標(biāo)志而轉(zhuǎn)型為現(xiàn)代大學(xué),并為世界各國所仿效借鑒,其形成的學(xué)術(shù)自由、大學(xué)自治的內(nèi)在精神氣質(zhì)也由此得到不斷積淀和彰顯。其次,從我國大學(xué)發(fā)展的情況來看,其產(chǎn)生和變遷的過程一直在政府主導(dǎo)下進(jìn)行,是自上而下的,大學(xué)更多的是充當(dāng)著政治控制的工具和政府的附庸。雖然我國大學(xué)是借鑒西方的“舶來品”,但是徒有西方大學(xué)的“形”而無其“神”,因而也不可能形成學(xué)術(shù)自由、大學(xué)自治的傳統(tǒng),我國大學(xué)與西方大學(xué)的一個(gè)重大區(qū)別就在于此。 大學(xué)行政化不是我國所獨(dú)有,但以我國最為嚴(yán)重。我國大學(xué)的產(chǎn)生是當(dāng)時(shí)政府不得已的一種應(yīng)急性的制度選擇,從一開始行政化色彩就十分濃厚,并在其后的100多年發(fā)展變遷中逐步孕育成型。大學(xué)行政化的愈演愈烈造成了嚴(yán)重的危害,西方大學(xué)所一直秉承和發(fā)展的大學(xué)自治、學(xué)術(shù)自由的大學(xué)精神,在我國大學(xué)中長期沒有得到彰顯,導(dǎo)致大學(xué)精神異化、辦學(xué)目標(biāo)偏離和腐敗問題頻發(fā)等嚴(yán)重問題。我國大學(xué)存在的這些問題,說到底是體制、機(jī)制問題,即制度問題。因此,去除我國大學(xué)的行政化要通過制度創(chuàng)新來解決,目標(biāo)是建立基于實(shí)現(xiàn)大學(xué)自治和學(xué)術(shù)自由的現(xiàn)代大學(xué)制度。 然而,制度創(chuàng)新的過程不是一帆風(fēng)順的。制度變遷理論認(rèn)為,制度具有慣性,即制度的路徑依賴,它對(duì)制度創(chuàng)新會(huì)產(chǎn)生極強(qiáng)的制約作用。大學(xué)行政化的形成和大學(xué)去行政化的改革,實(shí)質(zhì)上都是大學(xué)制度的變遷,因而大學(xué)去行政化的努力必定會(huì)受到制度路徑依賴的影響而步履艱難。盡管對(duì)于大學(xué)去行政化,政府和大學(xué)都做出了努力并進(jìn)行了有意義的探索,包括民國時(shí)期蔡元培等著名校長的努力營造和上個(gè)世紀(jì)90年代末開始的我國高等教育管理體制改革,但是由于行政化滲透已久,產(chǎn)生了路徑依賴,“官本位”傳統(tǒng)思想、大學(xué)初始制度設(shè)計(jì)、既得利益集團(tuán)的權(quán)力膨脹和高度集權(quán)化的管理體制等因素共同促成的我國大學(xué)行政化的制度慣性,使來自政府和大學(xué)的種種去行政化的努力都沒有成功。 基于上述研究結(jié)論,本文在制度變遷視角下,從整體性策略思考和具體對(duì)策建議兩個(gè)層面,進(jìn)一步對(duì)我國大學(xué)去行政化問題作了深入探討。筆者認(rèn)為,在既定的現(xiàn)實(shí)條件約束下,推動(dòng)我國大學(xué)去行政化的關(guān)鍵在于實(shí)現(xiàn)制度變遷方式從強(qiáng)制性制度變遷向強(qiáng)制性與誘致性制度變遷相結(jié)合的轉(zhuǎn)變。由于在我國政府的角色十分關(guān)鍵,強(qiáng)制性制度變遷始終是主導(dǎo)而誘致性制度變遷遇到重重阻礙,因此,一方面要通過增增加大學(xué)去行政化的預(yù)期收益來調(diào)動(dòng)政府的動(dòng)力,以繼續(xù)推進(jìn)強(qiáng)制性制度變遷,另一方面也要培育誘致性制度變遷的力量,從操作層面上打破現(xiàn)有既得利益集團(tuán)的格局和去除高度集權(quán)化的大學(xué)管理體制,同時(shí)還要將現(xiàn)代大學(xué)理念貫穿于制度變遷的始終,從觀念上革除“官本位”傳統(tǒng)文化及舊有大學(xué)制度設(shè)計(jì)理念的影響。而在具體的對(duì)策建議上,筆者認(rèn)為去除大學(xué)行政化的改革實(shí)際上集中在兩個(gè)問題上,一是調(diào)整政府與大學(xué)的關(guān)系,二是重構(gòu)大學(xué)內(nèi)部治理結(jié)構(gòu)。據(jù)此提出,大學(xué)去行政化必須重新定位政府角色并通過法律使其制度化、提倡社會(huì)參與和監(jiān)督并建立中介組織和機(jī)構(gòu)和重構(gòu)大學(xué)內(nèi)部治理結(jié)構(gòu)(包括建立大學(xué)法人治理結(jié)構(gòu)和重構(gòu)大學(xué)的學(xué)術(shù)組織結(jié)構(gòu)兩個(gè)方面)。
[Abstract]:The administration of universities is a common phenomenon in China's universities and one of the focuses of attention from all walks of life in recent years. Whether the administration of universities can be properly solved has become the key to whether our universities can produce high-quality scientific research achievements and innovative talents and fulfill their missions and tasks. Only by developing education can we achieve the goal of building a world-class university.
Looking at the origin and development of Chinese and Western universities, we can find two opposite paths. First of all, from the perspective of the origin and change trend of Western universities, it is a bottom-up process guided by the spirit of universities and constructed and managed by academic organizations. Medieval universities have undergone a long period of institutional change, gradually out of the control of the Church and become secularized. The Berlin University, founded by Humboldt in Germany in the early 19th century, has transformed science into a modern university, and has been imitated by all countries in the world. Its academic freedom and university autonomy have been formed. Secondly, from the perspective of the development of Chinese universities, the process of their emergence and transformation has been under the guidance of the government, from top to bottom. Universities are more like tools of political control and appendages of the government. But it is impossible to form the tradition of academic freedom and university autonomy because there is only the "form" of western universities without their "spirit", which is a major difference between Chinese universities and Western universities.
University administration is not unique to our country, but the most serious in our country. The emergence of University in our country was a kind of emergency system choice that the government had to make. It was very strong from the beginning and gradually formed in the development of more than 100 years. Western universities have been adhering to and developing the university autonomy and academic freedom of the university spirit in China's universities for a long time has not been highlighted, leading to alienation of the University spirit, deviation of school-running objectives and frequent corruption and other serious problems. The administration of universities in China should be solved through institutional innovation. The goal is to establish a modern university system based on the realization of university autonomy and academic freedom.
However, the process of institutional innovation is not smooth. Institutional change theory holds that institution has inertia, i.e. the path dependence of institution, which will exert a strong restrictive effect on institutional innovation. The formation of university administration and the reform of University De-Administration are essentially the changes of University system, so the efforts of University De-Administration must be made. Although the government and universities have made great efforts and made meaningful explorations for the De-Administration of universities, including the efforts of famous Presidents such as Cai Yuanpei in the Republic of China and the reform of China's higher education management system, which began in the late 1990s, due to the administration of universities. The institutionalized inertia of Chinese universities, which is caused by the traditional thought of "official standard", the initial system design of universities, the power expansion of vested interest groups and the highly centralized management system, has not succeeded in all kinds of De-Administration efforts from the government and universities.
Based on the above conclusions, this paper makes a further study on the problem of University De-Administration in China from the perspective of institutional change from the perspectives of holistic strategic thinking and specific countermeasures and suggestions. Because the role of the government is very important in our country, the mandatory institutional change is always dominant and the induced institutional change meets many obstacles. Therefore, on the one hand, we should mobilize the government's motive force by increasing the expected income of the university's de-administration. On the other hand, we should cultivate the power of inducing institutional change, break the existing pattern of vested interest groups and remove the highly centralized university management system from the operational level, and at the same time, we should penetrate the modern university idea throughout the institutional change, and remove the traditional culture of "official standard" and the old one from the concept. On the other hand, the author thinks that the reform of eliminating the administration of universities should concentrate on two problems, one is to adjust the relationship between the government and the university, the other is to reconstruct the internal governance structure of the university. Its institutionalization advocates social participation and supervision, and establishes intermediary organizations and institutions and reconstructs the internal governance structure of universities (including the establishment of corporate governance structure and the reconstruction of academic structure of universities).
【學(xué)位授予單位】：廣西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：G647
本文編號(hào)：2221322
[Abstract]:The administration of universities is a common phenomenon in China's universities and one of the focuses of attention from all walks of life in recent years. Whether the administration of universities can be properly solved has become the key to whether our universities can produce high-quality scientific research achievements and innovative talents and fulfill their missions and tasks. Only by developing education can we achieve the goal of building a world-class university.
Looking at the origin and development of Chinese and Western universities, we can find two opposite paths. First of all, from the perspective of the origin and change trend of Western universities, it is a bottom-up process guided by the spirit of universities and constructed and managed by academic organizations. Medieval universities have undergone a long period of institutional change, gradually out of the control of the Church and become secularized. The Berlin University, founded by Humboldt in Germany in the early 19th century, has transformed science into a modern university, and has been imitated by all countries in the world. Its academic freedom and university autonomy have been formed. Secondly, from the perspective of the development of Chinese universities, the process of their emergence and transformation has been under the guidance of the government, from top to bottom. Universities are more like tools of political control and appendages of the government. But it is impossible to form the tradition of academic freedom and university autonomy because there is only the "form" of western universities without their "spirit", which is a major difference between Chinese universities and Western universities.
University administration is not unique to our country, but the most serious in our country. The emergence of University in our country was a kind of emergency system choice that the government had to make. It was very strong from the beginning and gradually formed in the development of more than 100 years. Western universities have been adhering to and developing the university autonomy and academic freedom of the university spirit in China's universities for a long time has not been highlighted, leading to alienation of the University spirit, deviation of school-running objectives and frequent corruption and other serious problems. The administration of universities in China should be solved through institutional innovation. The goal is to establish a modern university system based on the realization of university autonomy and academic freedom.
However, the process of institutional innovation is not smooth. Institutional change theory holds that institution has inertia, i.e. the path dependence of institution, which will exert a strong restrictive effect on institutional innovation. The formation of university administration and the reform of University De-Administration are essentially the changes of University system, so the efforts of University De-Administration must be made. Although the government and universities have made great efforts and made meaningful explorations for the De-Administration of universities, including the efforts of famous Presidents such as Cai Yuanpei in the Republic of China and the reform of China's higher education management system, which began in the late 1990s, due to the administration of universities. The institutionalized inertia of Chinese universities, which is caused by the traditional thought of "official standard", the initial system design of universities, the power expansion of vested interest groups and the highly centralized management system, has not succeeded in all kinds of De-Administration efforts from the government and universities.
Based on the above conclusions, this paper makes a further study on the problem of University De-Administration in China from the perspective of institutional change from the perspectives of holistic strategic thinking and specific countermeasures and suggestions. Because the role of the government is very important in our country, the mandatory institutional change is always dominant and the induced institutional change meets many obstacles. Therefore, on the one hand, we should mobilize the government's motive force by increasing the expected income of the university's de-administration. On the other hand, we should cultivate the power of inducing institutional change, break the existing pattern of vested interest groups and remove the highly centralized university management system from the operational level, and at the same time, we should penetrate the modern university idea throughout the institutional change, and remove the traditional culture of "official standard" and the old one from the concept. On the other hand, the author thinks that the reform of eliminating the administration of universities should concentrate on two problems, one is to adjust the relationship between the government and the university, the other is to reconstruct the internal governance structure of the university. Its institutionalization advocates social participation and supervision, and establishes intermediary organizations and institutions and reconstructs the internal governance structure of universities (including the establishment of corporate governance structure and the reconstruction of academic structure of universities).
【學(xué)位授予單位】：廣西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：G647
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，本文編號(hào)：2221322
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