本文選題：同伴侵害 + 發(fā)展軌跡��； 參考：《山東師范大學(xué)》2012年博士論文

【摘要】：同伴侵害（peer victimization）是指兒童遭受來自同伴的攻擊的經(jīng)歷。在兒童青少年階段同伴侵害現(xiàn)象十分普遍，并且對受侵害者有多方面的消極影響和危害。盡管隨著攻擊與欺負研究的蓬勃發(fā)展，同伴侵害領(lǐng)域的研究越來越豐富，但目前同伴侵害的研究中仍存在若干局限。首先，從研究取向來看，在過去的二三十年中，研究者對同伴侵害的探討主要關(guān)注兩個方面：一是同伴侵害對個體適應(yīng)的影響；二是與同伴侵害相關(guān)的危險因素。相比之下，研究者則較少關(guān)注同伴侵害的其他方面，，特別是缺乏對同伴侵害發(fā)展特點的探討。其次，從研究對象來看，研究者更多探討幼兒期以及童年期的同伴侵害現(xiàn)象，對青少年期的同伴侵害的研究則較少。最后，迄今為止，有關(guān)同伴侵害的研究多數(shù)是在西方文化背景下進行的。只是在最近幾年，少數(shù)研究者才開始關(guān)注中國兒童的同伴侵害問題（Schwartz,Chang, Farver, 2001；張文新等, 2009）。 鑒于上述考慮，本研究的主要目的是，采用追蹤設(shè)計考察中國文化背景下青少年早期同伴侵害的發(fā)展特點、相關(guān)因素以及相應(yīng)的性別差異。具體來講，本文分三個實證研究來考察這些問題。研究一考察了身體侵害、關(guān)系侵害的發(fā)展與共同發(fā)展；研究二考察了個體行為因素、人際因素與同伴侵害間的關(guān)系模式及作用機制；研究三考察了攻擊性受侵害者與被動受侵害者的發(fā)展變化。在上述三個研究中，本文也分別探討了同伴侵害的發(fā)展軌跡和相關(guān)因素等方面的性別差異。 本研究的被試來自一項大型追蹤研究，共計2164人（其中男生1126人）。被試自小學(xué)五年級起追蹤至八年級，每年測量一次，共計四次。本研究采用自我報告法測量了兒童的同伴侵害、社交退縮、焦慮/抑郁，采用同伴提名法測量兒童的身體/關(guān)系攻擊和同伴拒絕。運用SPSS13.0、MPLUS 6.0等軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析，具體研究結(jié)論如下： 1、在同伴侵害的發(fā)展特點方面，本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)： （1）青少年早期的身體侵害、關(guān)系侵害均呈中等程度的穩(wěn)定性；身體侵害與關(guān)系侵害均表現(xiàn)出線性下降趨勢。 （2）在身體侵害方面，本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了四條不同的發(fā)展軌跡，分別是：持續(xù)高侵害組（1.5%）、中等—略降組（14.2%）、持續(xù)低組（51.8%）和未受侵害組（32.5%）。在關(guān)系侵害方面，本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)了五條亞組發(fā)展軌跡，分別是：持續(xù)高侵害組（1.0%）、高—下降組（4.8%）、低—上升組（8.3%）、持續(xù)低侵害組（44.8%）和未受侵害組（41.1%）。 （3）在上述軌跡分析的基礎(chǔ)上，本研究共發(fā)現(xiàn)了三類、11條可能的身體侵害與關(guān)系侵害的共同發(fā)展軌跡。這三類分別是無侵害或低侵害軌跡、非共發(fā)性中高侵害軌跡和共發(fā)性的中高侵害軌跡。 （4）同伴侵害發(fā)展軌跡的性別差異主要表現(xiàn)為水平的差異，而其發(fā)展趨勢并無顯著的性別。 2、在同伴侵害發(fā)展軌跡的相關(guān)因素方面，本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)： （1）早期的身體攻擊、關(guān)系攻擊、社交退縮、焦慮/抑郁、同伴拒絕的水平越高，兒童越可能屬于高水平的身體侵害或關(guān)系侵害軌跡組。關(guān)系侵害的下降趨勢與各相關(guān)因素的發(fā)展趨勢無關(guān)；但關(guān)系侵害的上升趨勢與身體攻擊、關(guān)系攻擊、社交退縮、焦慮/抑郁、同伴拒絕的上升趨勢有關(guān)。 （2）身體攻擊和社交退縮構(gòu)成了雙重受侵害者的典型特征；但在遭受單一類型同伴侵害的情況下，高身體攻擊的女生有同等可能性遭受身體侵害和關(guān)系侵害，高社交退縮的男生和女生更可能遭受關(guān)系侵害。 （3）同伴侵害預(yù)測因素的性別差異主要表現(xiàn)為身體攻擊只能預(yù)測女生的身體侵害軌跡，而社交退縮只能預(yù)測男生的身體和關(guān)系侵害軌跡。 3、在同伴侵害與其相關(guān)因素間的關(guān)系模式方面，本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)： （1）攻擊與同伴侵害間的關(guān)系存在明顯的年齡效應(yīng)和生態(tài)過渡效應(yīng)。在小學(xué)高年級階段，攻擊與同伴侵害間的聯(lián)系較弱，基本不能相互預(yù)測；但在生態(tài)過渡階段和初中階段，攻擊與同伴侵害間存在相互作用的關(guān)系模式，即身體攻擊能顯著正向預(yù)測一年后的身體侵害，關(guān)系攻擊能顯著正向預(yù)測一年后的關(guān)系侵害，反之亦然。 （2）社交退縮、同伴拒絕、焦慮/抑郁與身體/關(guān)系侵害是單向影響的關(guān)系模式，具體表現(xiàn)為社交退縮、同伴拒絕能顯著正向預(yù)測一年后的身體/關(guān)系侵害，關(guān)系侵害能顯著正向預(yù)測一年后的焦慮/抑郁。 （3）同伴拒絕在攻擊行為對同伴侵害的預(yù)測中起著中介作用；但在社交退縮方面，在不同的年齡段，同伴拒絕的中介效應(yīng)模式并不完全一致，這一中介作用僅存在于五至七年級這一時間間隔內(nèi)。 4、在攻擊性受侵害者與被動受侵害者的發(fā)展特點方面，本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)： （1）總體上，身體侵害方面的攻擊性受侵害者約占6.1~8.6%，被動受侵害者約占16.5~22.3%；關(guān)系侵害方面的攻擊性受侵害者約占7.6~8.2%，被動受侵害者約占12.1~17.0%。 （2）進一步的分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，在身體侵害方面，38.4~49.6%的個體為穩(wěn)定的攻擊性受侵害者，38.5~51.4%的個體為穩(wěn)定的被動受侵害者；在關(guān)系侵害方面，42.3~52.1%的個體為穩(wěn)定的攻擊性受侵害者，30.6~47.5%的個體為穩(wěn)定的被動受侵害者。 （3）總的來說，在小學(xué)階段和初中低年級階段，攻擊性受侵害者中多數(shù)個體會保持穩(wěn)定，其次是發(fā)展為攻擊者、被動受侵害者或一般兒童；但在生態(tài)過渡階段，攻擊性受侵害者有近乎同等的可能性發(fā)展為穩(wěn)定的攻擊性受侵害者、被動受侵害者、攻擊者或一般兒童。 （4）總體上，無論是關(guān)系侵害還是身體侵害，在青少年早期的這三個發(fā)展階段上，被動受侵害者中有同等比例的個體會保持穩(wěn)定或發(fā)展為一般兒童，且這兩種發(fā)展模式所占比例很大（約80~90%）。但在過渡階段，被動受關(guān)系侵害者中約有一半會發(fā)展成為一般兒童，僅約三分之一的個體保持較穩(wěn)定的受侵害者身份。 （5）性別差異主要表現(xiàn)為兩類受侵害者中人數(shù)比例的差異：無論是身體侵害還是關(guān)系侵害，各年級的攻擊性受侵害者中男生均多于女生；在身體侵害方面，各年級的被動受侵害者中男生均多于女生；在關(guān)系侵害方面，被動受侵害者中男生多于女生或大致等同�？傮w上，攻擊性受侵害者與被動受侵害者的發(fā)展模式也具有性別一致性。
[Abstract]:Peer - to - peer abuse is the experience of children suffering from peer - to - peer attacks . Peer - to - peer abuse is widespread in children and adolescents , and there are a number of limitations in peer - to - peer research . Although there are a number of limitations in peer - to - peer research with the vigorous development of attacks and bullying , researchers have focused on two aspects : one is the impact of peer abuse on individual adaptation .
Second , the researchers are less concerned about other aspects of peer abuse , especially the lack of peer - to - peer violence . Secondly , the researchers looked at peer - to - peer abuse in early childhood and childhood , especially in the context of Western culture . In the last few years , only a few researchers have begun to focus on peer - to - peer abuse in Chinese children .
Zhang Wenxin et al . , 2009 ) .
In view of the above considerations , the main purpose of this study is to investigate the development characteristics , related factors and corresponding gender differences of early childhood peer abuse in Chinese cultural background using tracking design .
The relationship between individual behavior factors , interpersonal factors and peer - to - peer relationships was investigated .
In the above three studies , the gender differences of the development locus and related factors of peer abuse are also discussed in this paper .
This study was conducted from a large - scale follow - up study , a total of 2,164 ( including 1126 males ) . The study was followed up from Grade 5 to Grade 8 with a total of four times a year . The study used self - reporting to measure peer - to - peer abuse , social withdrawal , anxiety / depression , peer - to - peer nomination to measure the physical / relationship attacks and peer rejection of children . The data were analyzed using software SPSS 13.0 , MPLS 6.0 , etc . The specific findings were as follows :
1 . In the aspect of peer - to - peer development , the study found that :
( 1 ) At the early stage of adolescence , the physical invasion and the relation infringement were of moderate degree ;
Both physical invasion and relationship violated the trend of linear descent .
( 2 ) In terms of bodily harm , four different developmental trajectories were found in this study : sustained high attack group ( 1.5 % ) , medium - slightly lower group ( 14.2 % ) , sustained low group ( 51.8 % ) and uncompromised group ( 32.5 % ) . In relation to the relation , the study found five sub - group development trajectories , which were : sustained high attack group ( 1.0 % ) , high - descending group ( 4.8 % ) , low - ascending group ( 8.3 % ) , sustained low - invasion group ( 44.8 % ) and uncompromised group ( 41.1 % ) .
( 3 ) On the basis of the above - mentioned trajectory analysis , the common development locus of three types and 11 possible physical violations and relationships was found in this study . These three types are non - invasive or low - invasive loci , non - co - spontaneity high - invasion trajectories and co - spontaneity high - invasion trajectories , respectively .
( 4 ) The sex difference of peer - to - development locus is mainly manifested as the level difference , and its development trend is not significant gender .
2 . In the related factors of peer - to - development trajectories , the study found that :
( 1 ) The higher the early body attack , the relation attack , the social withdrawal , the anxiety / depression , the higher the peer ' s refusal , the more likely the child belongs to a high level of bodily harm or relation to the locus group . The downward trend of the relationship is not related to the development trend of the relevant factors ;
But the rising trend of the relationship is related to physical attacks , relationship attacks , social withdrawal , anxiety / depression , and peer - to - peer ascending trends .
( 2 ) physical attack and social withdrawal form the typical characteristics of the dual subject ;
However , in the case of a single type of peer abuse , girls with high physical attacks are equally likely to be subject to physical violence and relationships , and boys and girls with high social stigma are more likely to suffer from a relationship .
( 3 ) The gender differences of peer - to - prediction factors mainly show that physical aggression can only predict the physical aggression locus of girls , and social withdrawal can only predict the physical and relationship violations of boys .
3 . In the aspect of the relationship between peer abuse and its related factors , the study found that :
( 1 ) There is obvious age - effect and ecological transitional effect between attack and peer - to - peer relationship . In the high school stage of primary school , the relationship between attack and peer - to - attack is weak and cannot be predicted basically ;
But in the stages of ecological transition and junior middle school , there is a model of the interaction between attack and peer aggression , that is , physical attack can predict the physical invasion of one year significantly , and the relation attack can predict the relationship after one year significantly , and vice versa .
( 2 ) social withdrawal , peer rejection , anxiety / depression and body / relationship infringement are one - way influence relationship mode , which is manifested as social withdrawal , peer refusal can significantly positively predict the body / relationship violation after one year , and the relationship infringement can positively predict the anxiety / depression after one year .
( 3 ) Peer refuses to play an intermediary role in the prediction of peer abuse ;
However , in terms of social withdrawal , among different age groups , peer - to - peer intermediary effect patterns are not completely consistent , and this intermediary role exists only in the interval of five to seventh grades .
4 . In the aspect of the development characteristics of aggressive and passive victims , the study found that :
( 1 ) In general , the aggression against physical aggression accounts for about 6.1 - 8.6 % , and the passive victims account for 16.5 - 22.3 % ;
The aggression against aggression is 7.6 锝

本文編號：1848846