漢語(yǔ)存現(xiàn)句的句法—語(yǔ)用界面研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-08-13 16:01
【摘要】：本研究采用句法—語(yǔ)用界面的視角,對(duì)漢語(yǔ)存現(xiàn)句中相關(guān)句法語(yǔ)用問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了辨認(rèn)與分析。根據(jù)句法—語(yǔ)用界面的觀點(diǎn),某個(gè)句法結(jié)構(gòu)的闡釋不僅會(huì)涉及句法領(lǐng)域,而且會(huì)涉及句法—語(yǔ)用的界面。在本文的分析框架中,句法-語(yǔ)用界面主要涉及到兩個(gè)層面,即“前邏輯形式”層面和“后邏輯形式”層面,而這兩個(gè)層面的語(yǔ)用分析都是在關(guān)聯(lián)理論的總體框架之內(nèi)進(jìn)行的。本文研究的漢語(yǔ)存現(xiàn)句問(wèn)題包括如下幾個(gè)方面：(1)動(dòng)詞使用的限制；(2)論元句法位置的錯(cuò)位；(3)名詞的格位；(4)有定效應(yīng)。此外,本文還探討了存現(xiàn)動(dòng)詞“有”的相關(guān)語(yǔ)法特征。 為了開(kāi)展句法—語(yǔ)用界而研究,有必要辨別哪些問(wèn)題屬于純句法問(wèn)題,哪些屬于句法—語(yǔ)用界面問(wèn)題。 在純句法問(wèn)題方面,本文基于生成語(yǔ)言學(xué)的基本觀點(diǎn),發(fā)展了一個(gè)句法推導(dǎo)的模式。該模式一方面可以解決漢語(yǔ)存現(xiàn)句的一些問(wèn)題,同時(shí)也可為句法—語(yǔ)用界面的研究提供出發(fā)點(diǎn)和句法基礎(chǔ)。本文認(rèn)為,漢語(yǔ)存現(xiàn)句中論元的句法位置、動(dòng)詞限制的大多數(shù)方面以及名詞的格位問(wèn)題可以在句法分析領(lǐng)域得到解決。漢語(yǔ)存現(xiàn)句的句法生成模式是基于事體結(jié)構(gòu)向句法結(jié)構(gòu)的映射。。一個(gè)復(fù)雜的事體包括一個(gè)外在論元和一個(gè)內(nèi)在的簡(jiǎn)單事體。該復(fù)雜事體結(jié)構(gòu)存在的前提是外在論元能與內(nèi)在事體通過(guò)某個(gè)語(yǔ)義鏈建立聯(lián)系。漢語(yǔ)存現(xiàn)句表達(dá)的也是復(fù)雜事體,其中方位詞充當(dāng)外在論元,其與內(nèi)在事體建立聯(lián)系的前提是內(nèi)在事體發(fā)生在這個(gè)方位之內(nèi)。因此,存現(xiàn)句中復(fù)雜事體結(jié)構(gòu)中聯(lián)系外存論元和內(nèi)在事體的語(yǔ)義鏈?zhǔn)乔髮儆陬I(lǐng)屬關(guān)系的方位關(guān)系。當(dāng)一個(gè)復(fù)雜事體映射到句法結(jié)構(gòu)上時(shí),外在論元處于句法較高處從而能夠充當(dāng)主語(yǔ),而內(nèi)在事體中的論元?jiǎng)t只能出現(xiàn)在動(dòng)詞后的位置。基于本研究提出的事體結(jié)構(gòu)映射的假設(shè),“非有存現(xiàn)句”(即動(dòng)詞不是“有”)中方位詞將出現(xiàn)在主語(yǔ)位置,另一個(gè)論元?jiǎng)t出現(xiàn)在動(dòng)詞后的位置。根據(jù)這個(gè)句法生成的模式,漢語(yǔ)存現(xiàn)句中的“論元錯(cuò)位”現(xiàn)象可獲得解讀。這個(gè)句法生成模式也意味著只要?jiǎng)釉~所表達(dá)的事體能夠在外在論元所指代的方位中發(fā)生就能夠獲得允準(zhǔn),從而解釋了漢語(yǔ)存現(xiàn)句中的動(dòng)詞不局限于非賓格動(dòng)詞的語(yǔ)法現(xiàn)象。至于漢語(yǔ)存現(xiàn)句中的名詞格位問(wèn)題,我們基于漢語(yǔ)無(wú)格的假說(shuō),認(rèn)為漢語(yǔ)的名詞不需要通過(guò)格位獲得允準(zhǔn)。對(duì)于動(dòng)詞是“有”的存現(xiàn)句,如果“有”后面的名詞沒(méi)有帶謂詞,則表達(dá)的是簡(jiǎn)單事體結(jié)構(gòu),所有的句子成分都投射到“動(dòng)詞詞組”領(lǐng)域內(nèi)。如果“有”后面接有謂詞,則該句體現(xiàn)的是復(fù)雜事體；與“非有”的存現(xiàn)句體現(xiàn)的復(fù)雜事體不同的是,這類(lèi)存現(xiàn)句中連接外在論元和內(nèi)在事體的語(yǔ)義鏈?zhǔn)峭ㄟ^(guò)動(dòng)詞“有”直接傳達(dá)的。 本研究的重點(diǎn)是漢語(yǔ)存現(xiàn)句的句法—語(yǔ)用界面問(wèn)題。本文提出,在“前邏輯形式”層面,需要解決的句法—語(yǔ)用界面問(wèn)題包括復(fù)雜事體結(jié)構(gòu)形成過(guò)程中的語(yǔ)用推理和及物動(dòng)詞在存現(xiàn)句中的論元限制。這一層面的界面問(wèn)題指的是句法和語(yǔ)用在“邏輯形式”形成前發(fā)生互動(dòng),最終生成表達(dá)邏輯形式的合格結(jié)構(gòu)。這個(gè)層面的互動(dòng)有兩類(lèi)：(1)復(fù)雜事體結(jié)構(gòu)中外在論元和內(nèi)在事體結(jié)構(gòu)之間語(yǔ)義鏈的語(yǔ)用推理。在句法生成的過(guò)程中,外在論元與內(nèi)在事體結(jié)構(gòu)的聯(lián)系不是動(dòng)詞或者句法結(jié)構(gòu)賦予的,而是語(yǔ)言使用者的語(yǔ)用推理所產(chǎn)生的,因此在句子生成過(guò)程的早期,語(yǔ)用推理就已經(jīng)介入其中了。根據(jù)關(guān)聯(lián)理論,在獲得最佳關(guān)聯(lián)的過(guò)程中,聽(tīng)話人結(jié)合普遍的句法結(jié)構(gòu)、詞匯信息和非語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)境信息,最終推導(dǎo)出合理的邏輯形式,因此這個(gè)推理是獲得“顯義”過(guò)程中的一個(gè)步驟。(2)語(yǔ)言信息處理。本研究將語(yǔ)法的信息處理納于關(guān)聯(lián)理論框架之內(nèi),認(rèn)為有些句法結(jié)構(gòu)之所以不合格,是因?yàn)槁?tīng)話者在尋求話語(yǔ)最佳關(guān)聯(lián)的過(guò)程中,由于付出的處理努力過(guò)高,最終放棄處理努力,以至認(rèn)為句法結(jié)構(gòu)不合法。在漢語(yǔ)存現(xiàn)句中及物動(dòng)詞的施事之所以不能出現(xiàn),是由于將施事論元置于及物動(dòng)詞后會(huì)增加語(yǔ)言信息處理的壓力,導(dǎo)致使用者一般不接受此類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)。 在“后邏輯形式”層面,句法—語(yǔ)用界而研究要解決的問(wèn)題主要是有定效應(yīng)問(wèn)題。一個(gè)符合語(yǔ)法并且傳達(dá)邏輯形式命題的句子結(jié)構(gòu),有可能因?yàn)槭艿秸Z(yǔ)用因素的影響而不被接受。本文發(fā)展了關(guān)聯(lián)理論對(duì)于名詞指代在語(yǔ)用推理中的作用,認(rèn)為一個(gè)名詞的指代是否具有可及性,關(guān)鍵是看其在信息結(jié)構(gòu)中的角色,當(dāng)信息結(jié)構(gòu)要求明確指代的名詞在語(yǔ)篇中沒(méi)有明確的指代時(shí),句子的可接受度就會(huì)降低。句子的話題/焦點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)以及名詞本身的信息特征共同允準(zhǔn)一個(gè)名詞是否能在句中出現(xiàn)。動(dòng)詞后的有定名詞可以獲得話題/焦點(diǎn)結(jié)構(gòu)允準(zhǔn),只要其傳達(dá)的信息不屬于話語(yǔ)預(yù)設(shè)信息的一部分。然而有定名詞本身的信息特征需要其指稱(chēng)的對(duì)象對(duì)于聽(tīng)話者來(lái)說(shuō)是可及的。由于指稱(chēng)對(duì)象的確認(rèn)需要語(yǔ)境的支持,因此在沒(méi)有語(yǔ)境的前提下存現(xiàn)句動(dòng)詞后的有定名詞一般不能被語(yǔ)言使用者接受。這也同時(shí)解釋了為什么有定效應(yīng)在某些語(yǔ)境下可以違反的現(xiàn)象。這個(gè)分析同時(shí)也可以用于對(duì)動(dòng)詞為“有”的存現(xiàn)句的研究：一個(gè)不定名詞一般不能放在句首,但是當(dāng)其處于“有”后面時(shí),則可以獲得允準(zhǔn)。根據(jù)信息結(jié)構(gòu)以及“有”字句的句法結(jié)構(gòu),不定名詞放在句首是因?yàn)榫涫孜恢玫拿~一般是話題,必須提供一個(gè)預(yù)設(shè)的信息作為話語(yǔ)的起點(diǎn),而不定名詞的指代一般來(lái)說(shuō)并不在聽(tīng)話人的預(yù)設(shè)中,從而導(dǎo)致句子不被聽(tīng)話人接受。當(dāng)不定名詞處于“有”后時(shí),它不再是話題,不一定需要提供可及的指代,因此可以獲得允準(zhǔn)。此類(lèi)結(jié)構(gòu)的特征使得其經(jīng)常行使兩種功能：(1)將一個(gè)新的實(shí)體介紹到語(yǔ)境中；(2)為下文語(yǔ)篇提供話題。 本研究有如下幾方面的意義。(1)本研究在宏觀上分析了句法-語(yǔ)用界面研究的兩個(gè)層面,同時(shí)闡明了具體操作中的理論框架,為句法—語(yǔ)用界面研究提供了一定的借鑒意義。(2)本研究拓展了關(guān)聯(lián)理論的應(yīng)用范圍,通過(guò)具體的步驟闡明了該理論在句法-語(yǔ)用界面研究中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。(3)基于事體結(jié)構(gòu)向句法結(jié)構(gòu)映射的句法推導(dǎo)模式也為句法研究提供了新的視角。(4)解決了漢語(yǔ)存現(xiàn)句中的主要句法語(yǔ)用問(wèn)題,對(duì)于語(yǔ)法教學(xué)特別是對(duì)外、漢語(yǔ)教學(xué)具有重要啟示。
[Abstract]:From the perspective of syntactic-pragmatic interface, this study identifies and analyzes the relevant syntactic and pragmatic problems in Chinese existential sentences. According to the viewpoint of syntactic-pragmatic interface, the interpretation of a syntactic structure involves not only the syntactic field, but also the syntactic-pragmatic interface. It involves two levels, namely, the "pre-logical form" level and the "post-logical form" level, and the pragmatic analysis of these two levels is carried out within the framework of relevance theory. In addition, the grammatical features of the existential verb "You" are also discussed.
In order to carry out the study in the field of syntax-pragmatics, it is necessary to distinguish which problems belong to pure syntax and which belong to Syntax-Pragmatics interface.
Based on the basic viewpoint of generative linguistics, this paper develops a syntactic deduction model, which can solve some problems of Chinese existential sentences and provide a starting point and syntactic basis for the study of syntactic-pragmatic interface. Most aspects of word restriction and the case-position problem of nouns can be solved in the field of syntactic analysis. The syntactic generation pattern of Chinese existential sentences is based on the mapping of event structure to syntactic structure. The argument can be connected with the intrinsic event through a semantic chain. The Chinese existential sentence is also a complex event, in which the locative word acts as the extrinsic argument, and the premise of its connection with the intrinsic event is that the intrinsic event occurs within this position. Chain is to find the orientation relation belonging to the possessive relation. When a complex event is mapped to the syntactic structure, the external argument is at a higher syntactic level and can act as the subject, while the argument in the internal event can only appear after the verb. According to this pattern of syntactic generation, the phenomenon of "argument dislocation" in Chinese existential sentences can be interpreted. This syntactic generation pattern also means that as long as the object expressed by the verb can be represented in the position of the external argument. As for the nominal case in Chinese existential sentences, based on the Chinese unqualified hypothesis, we hold that Chinese nouns do not need to be allowed by case. For existential sentences where verbs are "you", if "you" are "you", the noun case in Chinese existential sentences does not need to be allowed by case. The noun after you has no predicate, it expresses a simple event structure, and all the sentence elements are projected into the field of verb phrases. And the semantic chain of internal things is directly conveyed by the verb "yes".
The focus of this study is on the syntactic-pragmatic interface of Chinese existential sentences.This paper proposes that the syntactic-pragmatic interface problems to be solved at the "pre-logical form" level include the pragmatic inference in the formation of complex event structures and the argument limitation of transitive verbs in existential sentences. Pragmatics interacts before the formation of "logical form" and eventually produces a qualified structure for expressing logical form. There are two types of interaction at this level: (1) Pragmatic reasoning of the semantic chain between the external argument and the internal event structure in a complex event structure. In the process of syntactic generation, the connection between the external argument and the internal event structure is not a verb. According to Relevance Theory, in the process of obtaining the optimal relevance, the hearer combines the general syntactic structure, lexical information and non-linguistic context information to derive the conjunction. In this study, grammatical information processing is incorporated into the framework of Relevance Theory, and some syntactic structures are found to be unqualified because of the efforts made by the listener in seeking the optimal relevance of the utterance. In Chinese existential sentences, the agent of the transitive verb can not appear because putting the agent argument behind the transitive verb will increase the pressure of language information processing, resulting in users generally not accepting such a structure.
At the post-logical level, the problem to be solved in the field of syntax and pragmatics is mainly the problem of definite effect. A sentence structure which conforms to grammar and conveys the proposition of logical form may not be accepted because it is influenced by pragmatic factors. Whether a noun's denotation is accessible or not depends on its role in the information structure. The acceptability of a sentence decreases when the denotative noun is not explicitly denoted in the text. The topic/focus structure of a sentence and the information characteristics of the noun itself allow a noun to be accepted or not. A definite noun after a verb can obtain the permission of the topic/focus structure as long as the information it conveys is not part of the presupposition information of the discourse. It also explains why certain effects can be violated in certain contexts. This analysis can also be used in the study of existential sentences where the verb is "you": an infinitive noun is generally not placed at the beginning of a sentence. According to the information structure and the syntactic structure of the sentence, the indefinite noun is placed at the beginning of the sentence because the noun at the beginning of the sentence is generally a topic and must provide a presupposed information as the starting point of the discourse, while the indefinite noun's denotation is generally not in the listener's presupposition. When the adverbial noun is after "you", it is no longer a topic and does not necessarily need to provide accessible references, so it can be granted.
This study has the following significance. (1) This study analyzes two aspects of the study of syntactic-pragmatic interface from a macroscopic perspective, and clarifies the theoretical framework of the specific operation, which provides a certain reference for the study of syntactic-pragmatic interface. (2) This study expands the scope of application of relevance theory and clarifies it through specific steps. The application value of the theory in the study of syntactic-pragmatic interface. (3) The syntactic deduction model based on the mapping of event structure to syntactic structure also provides a new perspective for syntactic research. (4) It solves the main syntactic and pragmatic problems in Chinese existential sentences and has important implications for grammar teaching, especially for foreigners.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：H146
本文編號(hào)：2181479
[Abstract]:From the perspective of syntactic-pragmatic interface, this study identifies and analyzes the relevant syntactic and pragmatic problems in Chinese existential sentences. According to the viewpoint of syntactic-pragmatic interface, the interpretation of a syntactic structure involves not only the syntactic field, but also the syntactic-pragmatic interface. It involves two levels, namely, the "pre-logical form" level and the "post-logical form" level, and the pragmatic analysis of these two levels is carried out within the framework of relevance theory. In addition, the grammatical features of the existential verb "You" are also discussed.
In order to carry out the study in the field of syntax-pragmatics, it is necessary to distinguish which problems belong to pure syntax and which belong to Syntax-Pragmatics interface.
Based on the basic viewpoint of generative linguistics, this paper develops a syntactic deduction model, which can solve some problems of Chinese existential sentences and provide a starting point and syntactic basis for the study of syntactic-pragmatic interface. Most aspects of word restriction and the case-position problem of nouns can be solved in the field of syntactic analysis. The syntactic generation pattern of Chinese existential sentences is based on the mapping of event structure to syntactic structure. The argument can be connected with the intrinsic event through a semantic chain. The Chinese existential sentence is also a complex event, in which the locative word acts as the extrinsic argument, and the premise of its connection with the intrinsic event is that the intrinsic event occurs within this position. Chain is to find the orientation relation belonging to the possessive relation. When a complex event is mapped to the syntactic structure, the external argument is at a higher syntactic level and can act as the subject, while the argument in the internal event can only appear after the verb. According to this pattern of syntactic generation, the phenomenon of "argument dislocation" in Chinese existential sentences can be interpreted. This syntactic generation pattern also means that as long as the object expressed by the verb can be represented in the position of the external argument. As for the nominal case in Chinese existential sentences, based on the Chinese unqualified hypothesis, we hold that Chinese nouns do not need to be allowed by case. For existential sentences where verbs are "you", if "you" are "you", the noun case in Chinese existential sentences does not need to be allowed by case. The noun after you has no predicate, it expresses a simple event structure, and all the sentence elements are projected into the field of verb phrases. And the semantic chain of internal things is directly conveyed by the verb "yes".
The focus of this study is on the syntactic-pragmatic interface of Chinese existential sentences.This paper proposes that the syntactic-pragmatic interface problems to be solved at the "pre-logical form" level include the pragmatic inference in the formation of complex event structures and the argument limitation of transitive verbs in existential sentences. Pragmatics interacts before the formation of "logical form" and eventually produces a qualified structure for expressing logical form. There are two types of interaction at this level: (1) Pragmatic reasoning of the semantic chain between the external argument and the internal event structure in a complex event structure. In the process of syntactic generation, the connection between the external argument and the internal event structure is not a verb. According to Relevance Theory, in the process of obtaining the optimal relevance, the hearer combines the general syntactic structure, lexical information and non-linguistic context information to derive the conjunction. In this study, grammatical information processing is incorporated into the framework of Relevance Theory, and some syntactic structures are found to be unqualified because of the efforts made by the listener in seeking the optimal relevance of the utterance. In Chinese existential sentences, the agent of the transitive verb can not appear because putting the agent argument behind the transitive verb will increase the pressure of language information processing, resulting in users generally not accepting such a structure.
At the post-logical level, the problem to be solved in the field of syntax and pragmatics is mainly the problem of definite effect. A sentence structure which conforms to grammar and conveys the proposition of logical form may not be accepted because it is influenced by pragmatic factors. Whether a noun's denotation is accessible or not depends on its role in the information structure. The acceptability of a sentence decreases when the denotative noun is not explicitly denoted in the text. The topic/focus structure of a sentence and the information characteristics of the noun itself allow a noun to be accepted or not. A definite noun after a verb can obtain the permission of the topic/focus structure as long as the information it conveys is not part of the presupposition information of the discourse. It also explains why certain effects can be violated in certain contexts. This analysis can also be used in the study of existential sentences where the verb is "you": an infinitive noun is generally not placed at the beginning of a sentence. According to the information structure and the syntactic structure of the sentence, the indefinite noun is placed at the beginning of the sentence because the noun at the beginning of the sentence is generally a topic and must provide a presupposed information as the starting point of the discourse, while the indefinite noun's denotation is generally not in the listener's presupposition. When the adverbial noun is after "you", it is no longer a topic and does not necessarily need to provide accessible references, so it can be granted.
This study has the following significance. (1) This study analyzes two aspects of the study of syntactic-pragmatic interface from a macroscopic perspective, and clarifies the theoretical framework of the specific operation, which provides a certain reference for the study of syntactic-pragmatic interface. (2) This study expands the scope of application of relevance theory and clarifies it through specific steps. The application value of the theory in the study of syntactic-pragmatic interface. (3) The syntactic deduction model based on the mapping of event structure to syntactic structure also provides a new perspective for syntactic research. (4) It solves the main syntactic and pragmatic problems in Chinese existential sentences and has important implications for grammar teaching, especially for foreigners.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2010
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：H146
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