【摘要】：中國現(xiàn)在建立的自然保護(hù)區(qū)占國土面積超過15%,隨著中國社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的快速發(fā)展,基于社會(huì)整體及社區(qū)的發(fā)展對(duì)棲息地與生物多樣性保護(hù)的壓力不斷增強(qiáng),綜合來看,中國及世界生物多樣性保護(hù)的主要威脅來源于棲息地喪失、外來物種、氣候變化、污染和其他的威脅,其關(guān)鍵因素是在社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展當(dāng)中對(duì)資源的過度利用和對(duì)環(huán)境的破壞。秦嶺是我國生物多樣性最為富集的地區(qū)之一,在保護(hù)中具有重要地位。但近些年來隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)的高速發(fā)展、資源的過度開發(fā),秦嶺的生態(tài)環(huán)境面臨著嚴(yán)峻的形勢。 為了全面和客觀地認(rèn)識(shí)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展對(duì)秦嶺生物多樣性保護(hù)的威脅,變化趨勢,重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域和問題,政策績效等,本文主要運(yùn)用描述統(tǒng)計(jì),比較分析方法分別分析了主要經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展特征、土地資源特征、人口特征及其影響、水資源利用特征及其影響、旅游資源利用特征及其影響、礦產(chǎn)資源利用特征及其影響；構(gòu)建了“敏感(本底)-壓力(干擾)-彈性(反饋)”的評(píng)價(jià)思路,結(jié)合陜西秦嶺山區(qū)的區(qū)域具體特點(diǎn)情況,建立選取了18項(xiàng)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)構(gòu)成秦嶺地區(qū)生態(tài)脆弱性評(píng)價(jià)研究的指標(biāo)體系,在評(píng)價(jià)方法的選擇上,分別采用主觀分析和客觀分析的兩種方法計(jì)算了陜西秦嶺山區(qū)24縣(區(qū)、市)的生態(tài)脆弱度,即用層次分析法(AHP)確定各指標(biāo)權(quán)重,綜合指數(shù)法定量評(píng)價(jià)該區(qū)域生態(tài)環(huán)境的脆弱程度,分析生態(tài)脆弱性區(qū)域差異的主要原因,同時(shí)利用主成分分析法(PCA)計(jì)算區(qū)域環(huán)境的生態(tài)脆弱度,借助于ArcGIS將兩種評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果的空間差異展示出來將兩種定性綜合,較為客觀地得出2010年陜西秦嶺山區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境的脆弱狀況并與2006年結(jié)果進(jìn)行了對(duì)照分析；運(yùn)用世界自然保護(hù)區(qū)委員會(huì)(WCPA)和世界自然基金會(huì)(WWF)推薦的自然保護(hù)區(qū)管理快速評(píng)估和優(yōu)先性確定方法(RAPPAM),對(duì)秦嶺地區(qū)部分自然保護(hù)區(qū)面臨的壓力和威脅及其發(fā)展趨勢與對(duì)管理有效性影響進(jìn)行了調(diào)查分析；在秦嶺生物多樣性保護(hù)管理政策現(xiàn)狀研究成果的基礎(chǔ)上,以可持續(xù)發(fā)展理論為指導(dǎo),并結(jié)合了區(qū)域可持續(xù)發(fā)展理論、公共管理理論,秦嶺生物多樣性保護(hù)政策的執(zhí)行、效果,運(yùn)用績效評(píng)價(jià)指數(shù)方法對(duì)秦嶺生物多樣性保護(hù)政策進(jìn)行績效評(píng)價(jià)研究。 結(jié)果表明：①與秦嶺地區(qū)豐富生物多樣性特征相對(duì)應(yīng)的是較為落后的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展水平和土地資源依賴型的產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)。該地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展對(duì)自然資源的依賴程度較高,生態(tài)保護(hù)和農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展矛盾突出；耕地資源的稀缺性、森林資源利用方式的粗放性為生物多樣性保護(hù)帶來了挑戰(zhàn)；旅游資源的無序和過度開發(fā)成為野生動(dòng)物棲息地的重要威脅：水資源不合理利用、礦產(chǎn)資源大規(guī)模開發(fā)的負(fù)面影響也不容忽視；另外該地區(qū)還存在人口增長的潛在壓力。②陜西秦嶺山區(qū)以中度脆弱為主,脆弱性中度的縣區(qū)包括鎮(zhèn)安縣、山陽縣、商南縣、眉縣、略陽縣和西鄉(xiāng)縣,中度脆弱區(qū)面積為16272平方公里,6縣區(qū)生態(tài)脆弱性空間分布占陜西秦嶺山區(qū)的28.43%；生態(tài)脆弱性空間分異明顯,總體而言,陜西秦嶺山區(qū)生態(tài)脆弱性北部比南部低,中西部比東部低；生態(tài)壓力度指數(shù)是形成該區(qū)域生態(tài)環(huán)境空間分異的重要因素,生態(tài)系統(tǒng)也存在一定的穩(wěn)定調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制；人類不合理經(jīng)濟(jì)行為的影響造成陜西秦嶺山區(qū)生態(tài)脆弱性有加大的趨勢。③在保護(hù)區(qū)所面臨的14種威脅因子中,森林資源利用、生活觀念、對(duì)資源保護(hù)的認(rèn)識(shí)、旅游資源開發(fā)和利用、道路、生活性薪柴利用6個(gè)因子的影響范圍較廣、影響程度較高、影響時(shí)間較長,是保護(hù)區(qū)應(yīng)重點(diǎn)控制的威脅因子；目前壓力威脅因素在影響管理有效性方面的差異很明顯,壓力威脅因素的影響范圍、影響程度和影響時(shí)間的程度越高,管理有效性受到影響的可能性也就越高。④由于社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展對(duì)生物多樣性保護(hù)投入和相關(guān)政策實(shí)施強(qiáng)度的變化,績效評(píng)價(jià)的結(jié)果呈現(xiàn)一個(gè)逐漸衰減又增加的過程；雖然現(xiàn)行的政策在生物多樣性的保護(hù)和管理上取得了一定的成果和績效,但是秦嶺的生物多樣性保護(hù)管理工作正處于初始階段,仍然存在一些弊端。論文最后,基于區(qū)域社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展對(duì)秦嶺生物多樣性保護(hù)影響分析及評(píng)價(jià)優(yōu)化了生物多樣性保護(hù)政策。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of China's economy and society, the pressure of the development of society as a whole and community on the protection of habitat and biodiversity has been increasing. In a comprehensive view, the main threats to biodiversity protection in China and the world come from habitat loss and alien species. The key factors of climate change, pollution and other threats are the over-utilization of resources and the destruction of the environment in the course of social and economic development. Qinling Mountains is one of the most biodiversity-rich areas in China and plays an important role in protection. The environment is facing a grim situation.
In order to comprehensively and objectively understand the threat of social and economic development to the protection of biodiversity in Qinling Mountains, its changing trend, key areas and problems, and policy performance, this paper mainly uses descriptive statistics and comparative analysis methods to analyze the main economic development characteristics, land resources characteristics, demographic characteristics and their impact, water resources utilization characteristics and their effects. The impact, the characteristics of tourism resources utilization, the characteristics of mineral resources utilization and their impact are discussed. The evaluation method of "sensitive (background) - pressure (interference) - elasticity (feedback) is constructed. According to the regional specific characteristics of Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province, 18 evaluation indexes are selected to constitute the index body of ecological vulnerability evaluation in Qinling Mountains. In the selection of evaluation methods, the ecological vulnerability of 24 counties (districts and cities) in Qinling Mountains of Shaanxi Province was calculated by subjective analysis and objective analysis, that is, the weight of each index was determined by analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the vulnerability of the ecological environment in the region was quantitatively evaluated by comprehensive index method, and the main differences of the ecological vulnerability were analyzed. At the same time, the principal component analysis (PCA) was used to calculate the ecological fragility of the regional environment, and ArcGIS was used to display the spatial differences between the two evaluation results. The fragility of the ecological environment in the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province in 2010 was objectively obtained and compared with the results in 2006. However, Rapid Assessment and Priority Determination of Nature Reserve Management (RAPPAM) recommended by the Nature Reserve Board (WCPA) and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) has investigated and analyzed the pressures and threats faced by some nature reserves in the Qinling Mountains, their development trends and their impact on the effectiveness of management. On the basis of the research results of the current situation of the policy, and guided by the sustainable development theory, combined with the regional sustainable development theory, public management theory, the implementation and effect of the Qinling biodiversity protection policy, the performance evaluation index method was used to evaluate the performance of the Qinling biodiversity protection policy.
The results show that: (1) the relatively backward level of economic development and the land resource-dependent industrial structure correspond to the rich biodiversity in Qinling region. The extensive nature of the mode poses a challenge to biodiversity conservation; disorder and over-exploitation of tourism resources become an important threat to wildlife habitats: unreasonable use of water resources, the negative impact of large-scale development of mineral resources can not be ignored; in addition, there are potential pressures for population growth in the region. 2. Qinling Mountains, Shaanxi Province The middle vulnerability counties include Zhenan County, Shanyang County, Shangnan County, Meixian County, Lueyang County and Xixiang County. The middle vulnerability area is 16272 square kilometers. The spatial distribution of ecological vulnerability in six counties accounts for 28.43% of the Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province. The ecological pressure index is an important factor to form the spatial differentiation of the ecological environment in this region, and there is a certain stable regulation mechanism in the ecological system. The impact of human unreasonable economic behavior has caused the ecological vulnerability of Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province to increase. Among them, forest resources utilization, life concept, understanding of resources protection, development and utilization of tourism resources, road and life firewood utilization have a wide range of impact, a higher degree of impact, and a longer period of impact, which should be the key threat factors to be controlled in the reserve. The difference is obvious. The higher the influence extent and the influence time are, the more likely the management effectiveness will be affected. Although the current policies have made some achievements and achievements in the protection and management of biodiversity, the protection and management of biodiversity in Qinling Mountains is still in the initial stage, and there are still some drawbacks. The policy of biodiversity conservation has been changed.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京林業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：Q16

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本文編號(hào)：2176307