【摘要】：中國(guó)是世界上最重要的發(fā)展中國(guó)家之一，農(nóng)業(yè)人口眾多。黨的十六大以來，我國(guó)“三農(nóng)”政策取得重大突破，農(nóng)業(yè)和農(nóng)村發(fā)展出現(xiàn)重大機(jī)遇。其中涉及到的最重大的課題就是深化農(nóng)村金融體制改革，建立符合農(nóng)業(yè)特點(diǎn)和農(nóng)民需求的金融服務(wù)體系，促進(jìn)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)健康持續(xù)發(fā)展。政府投入大量資金發(fā)展對(duì)農(nóng)戶的低息貸款工程，但還是杯水車薪，大部分農(nóng)戶依然依靠非正規(guī)金融融資。在本文的導(dǎo)論部分，對(duì)寫作背景和意義進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)描述。國(guó)內(nèi)外對(duì)非正規(guī)金融的定義、作用和產(chǎn)生原因意見不一。學(xué)者們的研究結(jié)論也作為文獻(xiàn)綜述出現(xiàn)在導(dǎo)論部分。 正規(guī)和非正規(guī)金融并存的現(xiàn)象在發(fā)展中國(guó)家中很普遍。非正規(guī)金融指：在現(xiàn)有正規(guī)金融體質(zhì)以外由非法定民間金融部門從事的不被政府的正規(guī)制度保護(hù)和規(guī)范的間接金融。具有資金來源的非公性，高度靈活性等特點(diǎn)，靈活性和貸款資金的用途不同也是正規(guī)金融和非正規(guī)金融的主要區(qū)別。非正規(guī)金融經(jīng)歷了民間自由借貸、各種合會(huì)、錢背、錢莊等由簡(jiǎn)單組織到復(fù)雜組織的歷史演變過程。一直到改革開放以后，處于壓抑狀態(tài)的非正規(guī)金融才重新活躍起來。民間借貸對(duì)農(nóng)村社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)生活的影響逐步增大，對(duì)正規(guī)金融機(jī)構(gòu)的融資替代效應(yīng)也日漸顯現(xiàn)。非正規(guī)金融的形式多種多樣，比如合會(huì)，錢莊，農(nóng)金會(huì)，高利貸等形式�！癟sai(2001)認(rèn)為，中國(guó)的非正規(guī)金融應(yīng)該分為三類，即合法，半合法和非法�！焙戏ㄇ赖姆钦�(guī)金融主要是個(gè)人之間直接借貸和典當(dāng)，而農(nóng)村合作基金會(huì)和高利貸則屬于半合法和非法的渠道�！皩�(duì)于正處在經(jīng)濟(jì)轉(zhuǎn)型期的中國(guó)，哪種類型的非正規(guī)金融市場(chǎng)對(duì)于農(nóng)村小微民營(yíng)企業(yè)的發(fā)展都有重要的意義”，正規(guī)金融機(jī)構(gòu)的供求矛盾為非正規(guī)金融提供了生存和發(fā)展的空間，非正規(guī)金融也因其手續(xù)簡(jiǎn)單，借款規(guī)模、成本與期限更切合農(nóng)戶需求而迅速壯大�！案鶕�(jù)‘匯豐-清華’中國(guó)農(nóng)村金融發(fā)展項(xiàng)目組對(duì)溫州非正規(guī)金融的調(diào)查表明：2007年1-10月，400戶監(jiān)測(cè)對(duì)象發(fā)生非正規(guī)金融貸款10671萬元，比年初增長(zhǎng)927萬元，增加9.5%。而2007年企業(yè)運(yùn)營(yíng)資金構(gòu)成中非正規(guī)金融的融資遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)多于銀行貸款�！庇捎跊]有金融監(jiān)管部門負(fù)責(zé)收集監(jiān)督非正規(guī)金融的相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)，非正規(guī)金融發(fā)生的又很隱秘，所以估計(jì)中國(guó)農(nóng)村非正規(guī)金融的規(guī)模一直以來是一個(gè)難題，國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者大多通過問卷調(diào)查，，再進(jìn)行推算的方式。雖然對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)界對(duì)中國(guó)農(nóng)村非正規(guī)金融規(guī)模的具體大小沒有統(tǒng)一的結(jié)論，但普遍認(rèn)為非正規(guī)金融市場(chǎng)很大。非正規(guī)金融在法律上得不到認(rèn)可，又缺乏監(jiān)管，這也阻礙了其正常發(fā)展。 非正規(guī)金融在很多國(guó)家和地區(qū)都有不同程度的發(fā)展，了解這些也可以給中國(guó)的非正規(guī)金融一些借鑒和啟示。在發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家部分，本文以美國(guó)和日本為例。美國(guó)的非正規(guī)金融受到政府的大力支持蓬勃發(fā)展，在經(jīng)濟(jì)和社會(huì)發(fā)展中也起到重要作用。而日本的非正規(guī)金融最然很有悠久的歷史，卻由于政府的過度干預(yù)慢慢被正規(guī)金融吸納，失去自己的獨(dú)立性。孟加拉國(guó)的格萊珉銀行作為發(fā)展中國(guó)家非正規(guī)金融的成功例子，給我們的啟示是：要探索出一個(gè)適合中國(guó)國(guó)情的非正規(guī)金融組織。中國(guó)臺(tái)灣的非正規(guī)金融在深度和廣度上都是不可比擬的。這種狀況是由多種原因共同造就的，而臺(tái)灣經(jīng)濟(jì)快速騰飛，成為“亞洲四小龍”與根深蒂固的非正規(guī)金融密不可分。臺(tái)灣的經(jīng)驗(yàn)告訴我們：只要有嚴(yán)格的規(guī)范和監(jiān)管制度，非正規(guī)金融是可以為經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和社會(huì)穩(wěn)定做出貢獻(xiàn)的。 在中國(guó)農(nóng)村，金融抑制和金融排斥現(xiàn)象非常普遍，特別是在東北地區(qū)，非正規(guī)金融應(yīng)運(yùn)而生。在很多發(fā)展中國(guó)家的農(nóng)村地區(qū)，非正規(guī)金融都處于一個(gè)重要位置�？茖W(xué)的分析中國(guó)農(nóng)村非正規(guī)的影響因素，有利于政府和金融機(jī)構(gòu)合理的制定相關(guān)政策，提高資金的配置效率，推進(jìn)我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)健康發(fā)展。本文對(duì)中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大省之一吉林省804戶農(nóng)戶2010年的調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行分析。有30%的目標(biāo)農(nóng)戶參與農(nóng)村非正規(guī)金融，這也說明了非正規(guī)金融在吉林省農(nóng)村地區(qū)是普遍存在的。之后對(duì)參與非正規(guī)金融的30%的農(nóng)戶家庭的自然情況，收支情況以及借貸的組成情況這三個(gè)大方向分析得出相應(yīng)結(jié)論。從這三個(gè)大項(xiàng)中選出26個(gè)最可能影響非正規(guī)金融規(guī)模的小項(xiàng)，采用EViews6.0軟件對(duì)模型參數(shù)進(jìn)行OLS估計(jì)。得到以下結(jié)論：家庭總支出，外出打工收入，和家庭土地?fù)碛辛渴侵袊?guó)農(nóng)村非正規(guī)金融規(guī)模的重要影響因素。非正規(guī)金融借貸利率對(duì)非正規(guī)金融規(guī)模影響不大，子女上學(xué)借款金額和家庭醫(yī)療費(fèi)用借款金額雖然占農(nóng)戶借貸的比例比較大，但并不是其明顯的影響因素。 最后，根據(jù)第三章其他國(guó)家非正規(guī)金融的發(fā)展經(jīng)驗(yàn)和第四章計(jì)量分析得出的非正規(guī)金融規(guī)模影響因素，對(duì)政府部門提出政策建議。希望可以合理規(guī)劃非正規(guī)金融，讓其為中國(guó)農(nóng)村經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展和社會(huì)穩(wěn)定做出應(yīng)有的貢獻(xiàn)。提出的政策建議分為兩個(gè)方面：首先是監(jiān)管方面。要制定完善的非正規(guī)金融法律法規(guī)和監(jiān)管模式。沒有規(guī)矩，不成方圓。只有克服了非正規(guī)金融的負(fù)面影響才能讓其健康發(fā)展。其次是扶持方面的政策建議：1、加強(qiáng)對(duì)農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力資源配置，繼續(xù)鼓勵(lì)農(nóng)民工本地就業(yè)。2、大力推行惠農(nóng)政策，減少農(nóng)戶總支出。3、穩(wěn)定糧食收購(gòu)價(jià)格，減少耕作成本。4、合理土地分配，減輕農(nóng)民負(fù)擔(dān)。增加政府扶持可以讓非正規(guī)金融快速發(fā)展，為中華民族的偉大復(fù)興做出貢獻(xiàn)。
[Abstract]:China is one of the most important developing countries in the world. Since the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, China's "rural and rural areas" policy has made a major breakthrough in the development of agriculture and rural areas. The most important task involved is to deepen the reform of the rural financial system, to establish a financial service system that is in line with the agricultural characteristics and the needs of the farmers, and to promote the sustainable development of the rural economy. The government has invested a lot of money to develop low-interest loans for farmers, but it's still a cup of water, and most of the farmers still rely on informal finance. In the introductory part of this paper, the background and significance of writing are described in detail. There are different opinions on the definition, function and cause of informal finance at home and abroad. The research conclusion of the scholars has also appeared in the introduction part as a literature review. The co-existence of both formal and informal finance is well in developing countries Non-formal financial means an indirect gold that is not protected and regulated by the formal system of the government, other than the existing formal financial constitution, by the non-governmental civil financial sector With the characteristics of non-public and high flexibility of the source of funding, the different uses of flexibility and loan funds are also the main areas of formal and non-formal finance Don't. The informal finance has gone through the history of the simple organization to the complex organization from the simple organization to the complex organization. By the time of the reform and opening-up, the non-formal finance, which is in a state of depression, is only re-active The influence of the folk loan on the economic life of the rural society is gradually increased, and the effect of the financing of the formal financial institution is becoming more and more obvious. The forms of non-formal finance are diverse, such as the triad, the bank, the agricultural gold club, the high-interest loan and so on. The informal finance of the legal channels of the "Tsai (2001) said that China's informal finance should be divided into three categories, namely, legal, semi-legal and illegal." is mainly the direct lending and pawn between individuals, while the rural cooperative foundations and the high-interest loans are semi-legal and illegal. In "For China, which type of informal financial market is in the economic transition, it is of great significance to the development of small-scale private enterprises in the rural areas", the contradiction between supply and demand of formal financial institutions provides the living and developing space for the informal finance, and the informal finance is fast and strong due to the simple procedure, the size of the loan, the cost and the time limit more relevant to the needs of the farmers Large. According to the survey of the informal finance in Wenzhou by the China Rural Finance Development Project Team of the China-Tsinghua University, the survey of the informal finance in Wenzhou has shown that in January-October 2007, the non-formal financial loan of 400 households in the 400 households was RMB 1061.71 million, an increase of 9.5% over the beginning of the year, and the financing of the informal finance in the construction of the enterprise operating funds in 2007 is far more than the bank loan. "Since no financial supervision department is responsible for collecting the relevant data for supervising the informal finance, the informal finance is very secretive, so it is estimated that the scale of the informal finance in China has always been a difficult problem, and most of the domestic scholars have adopted the questionnaire." Recalculated party The informal financial market is generally considered to be very important, although there is no uniform conclusion on the specific size of the informal financial scale in the rural areas of China. Large. Non-formal finance is not legally recognized and lacks regulation, which also hampers its normal development The non-formal finance has a different degree of development in many countries and regions, and it can also be used for reference to the informal finance in China and the enlightenment. In the developed countries, this article is based on the United States and Japan For example, the informal finance of the United States has been vigorously supported by the government, and it also plays a role in the economic and social development Japan's informal finance has a long history, but the government's excessive intervention is slowly absorbed by the formal finance, losing its own As a successful example of the non-formal finance in developing countries, the Grammys Bank of Bangladesh, as a successful example of the informal finance in developing countries, is to explore a non-formal gold that is suitable for China's national conditions The informal finance of China's Taiwan is both in depth and in breadth The situation is made by a variety of reasons, and the rapid development of Taiwan's economy has become the "Asian Tigers" and the deep-rooted informal finance. No. Taiwan's experience tells us that, as long as there are strict rules and regulations, the informal finance can be made for economic development and social stability It is very common in China's rural, financial and financial rejection, especially in the Northeast, the non-formal gold. In rural areas of many developing countries, informal finance is in one place An important position. Scientific analysis of the influence factors of the rural informal sector in China, which is conducive to the rational development of relevant policies by the government and the financial institutions, so as to improve the allocation efficiency of the funds and advance the agriculture of our country The survey of 804 households in Jilin province, one of China's largest agricultural provinces, in 2010 An analysis was carried out.30 per cent of the target farmers were involved in rural informal finance, which also indicated that the informal finance was in rural areas of Jilin Province There are three large-scale analyses of the natural situation, the situation of income and expenditure and the composition of the lending of 30 per cent of the households involved in the informal finance. Out of these three large terms,26 small items most likely to influence the size of the informal finance are selected, and the model parameters are made by using the EViews6.0 software. OLS estimates. The following conclusions are obtained: total household expenditure, out-of-work income, and household land holdings are the weight of the informal financial size in the rural areas of China The non-formal financial lending rate has little impact on the size of the informal finance, and the loan amount of the children to school and the amount of the family medical expense loan are relatively large, although the proportion of the rural households is relatively large, but it is not obvious Factors of the impact of the informal financial size, resulting from the development experience of other countries in the third chapter and the measurement and analysis of chapter IV, and the Ministry of Government The door provides policy advice. It is hoped that the informal finance can be properly planned so as to make it stable for rural economic development and social stability in China The proposed policy recommendations are divided into two areas: First of all, regulatory aspects. To develop a well-established non-formal financial law Regulatory and regulatory models. No The rules, not a circle. Only the negative effects of the informal finance are overcome. the second is the policy of support:1. Strengthen the allocation of rural labor resources, and continue to encourage the local employment of the migrant workers.2. Promote the implementation of the policy of the farmers and reduce the total expenditure of the farmers.3. Stabilize the price of grain purchase and reduce the cost of farming.4. Reasonable land distribution Reducing the burden of the farmers. Increasing the government's support for the rapid development of the informal finance is a way for the Chinese nation
【學(xué)位授予單位】：吉林大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2013
【分類號(hào)】：F832.35;F224

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